Vaisesika Sūtra 1.1.4

धर्मविशेषप्रसूताद् द्रव्यगुणकर्मसामान्यविशेषसमवायानां पदार्थानां साधर्म्यवैधर्म्याभ्यां तत्त्वज्ञानान्निःश्रेयसम् ॥४॥

dharma-viśeṣa-prasūtāt dravya-guṇa-karma-sāmānya-viśeṣa-samavāyānāṁ padārthānāṁ sādharmya-vaidharmyābhyāṁ tattva-jñānāt niḥśreyasam ॥4॥

[धर्म-विशेष-प्रसूतात् (dharma-viśeṣa-prasūtāt) - arising from specific dharma; द्रव्य-गुण-कर्म-सामान्य-विशेष-समवायानाम् (dravya-guṇa-karma-sāmānya-viśeṣa-samavāyānām) - of substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, and inherence; पदार्थानाम् (padārthānām) - of categories (reals); साधर्म्य-वैधर्म्याभ्याम् (sādharmya-vaidharmyābhyām) - through similarity and dissimilarity; तत्त्व-ज्ञानात् (tattva-jñānāt) - through knowledge of their true nature; निःश्रेयसम् (niḥśreyasam) - ultimate good (liberation);]

From specific dharma arises knowledge of the true nature of the categories—substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, and inherence—through similarity and dissimilarity; from this knowledge comes liberation.

Born from the special characteristics of DHARMA, 'padarthas' i.e. those represented by words' meanings, based on their underlying common and differentiated DHARMAS can be classified as substance (dravya), qualities (guṇa), duties (karma), generality (sāmānya), particularity (viśēṣa), and inherence (samavāyā). Knowledge of their true principles is productive of ultimate good.