Vaisesika Sūtras
2.2 Summary
How distinguishing marks of 'Padārtha' come about? (other than ātma and manas)
When the flower and garment that are together are brought to proximity, the disappearance of fragrance from the garment is the distinguishing mark. The property of fragrance is established in the earth (as a distinguishing mark). Similarly, the heat is explained. Heat is (the distinguishing mark) of brightness (tejas). Coldness is (the distinguishing mark) of water. Having simultaneous experience of the other as before, and the current moment as now, is the distinguishing mark of time. By that, the nature of air, in terms of its potentiality to flow and eternality, are explained.
The true principles are deduced from becoming. Continuity is because of the absence of becoming, dis-continuity is because of becoming. The cause is, therefore, because of time. "It is this" - which indicates thus, is the distinguishing mark. Thus, the principle of potentiality to flow and the principle of continued existence are explained in the air element.
The principle comes forth by becoming. By the particular speciality of the effects, the variance comes into being. The direction east emerges by the combination of the Sun with the past, the future, and the present. Similarly, are the South, the West, and the Northern directions. Similarly, the directions in between are also explained.
During the direct perception of generality and the direct perception of speciality, only the speciality is remembered, resulting in doubt. By seeing or experiencing, the ability to experience (comes into being). The way the experienced, similarly, not experienced as well, because of the ability to experience. Thus, doubt results from those that shine and those that do not shine.
The meaning grasped by hearing, that is the sound of the word. Among the same kind that are equal, and among those with difference, the particularity among both are observed. (As the sound of the word conveys the meaning) of one substance, not of the other. Also, (sound of the word) is not action, as it is not the object of perception. Quality to come into existence and release (of the sound produced by the word), is similar to the inherent nature of movement (karma). Because of the absence of distinguishing marks of the existent (in the sound produced by the word). As it (the sound produced by the word) has an inherent nature that differs from the eternal entity. And, it (the sound produced by the word) is non-eternal as it has a cause. and, it (the sound produced by the word) is not disproved because of its modifications. Because of the defect during manifestation.
From the conjunction and disjunction of the sounds produced by words, other sounds of the words manifest. The sound produced by the word has a distinguishing mark, but is impermanent. Indeed, of the two, due to absence of inherent drive to act.
From the first syllable “ā”. And due to the presence of mutual recognition (of identity or agreement). Doubtful when multiplicity exists. Absence of number, generally.

...

ॐ असतो मा सद्गमय। तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय। मृत्योर्माऽमृतं गमय। ॐ शान्ति: शान्ति: शान्ति: ॥ - बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् 1.3.28
"Ōm! Lead me from the unreal to the real, from darkness to light, and from death to immortality. Let there be peace, peace, and peace. Ōm!" - Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.3.28

Copyright © 2025, Incredible Wisdom.
All rights reserved.