1.2 Summary

Cause and Effect

When there is an absence of the cause, there is definitely the absence of the effect. But, in the absence of effect, we cannot conclude there is an absence of the cause.

Identification of generality and particularity, and how existence ('satta') comes into being!

The generality and the particularity are determined with the help of intellect, as it cannot be easily correlated to cause. The existence, being continued, because of the cause, is generality only. The Dravyas, Gunas, and Karmas have both common properties in the form of generality and also special properties in the form of particularity. The specialities exist usually in the ends. It is called "sat", i.e. truth, i.e. existence, if those substances, qualities, and actions exist. The differences among entities with potential to flow, perceptible attributes, and movements manifest as 'Satta', i.e. existence. By the movement of perceptible attributes, we see becoming. Without movement, perceptible attributes do not express themselves because of the absence of the generality and the particularity. The state of being of various entities that have the potential to flow is engulfed in the beingness of the entities that have the potential to flow because of the absence of the generality and the particularity. (Does it mean, the dark matter exists, but does not express itself, as there is no movement. Matter expresses itself, only when their generality and particularity are brought out?)

'Perceptible attribute'-ness (Gunatva)

Due to absence of the generality and the particularity, The state of being of various entities that have the potential to flow is engulfed in the beingness of the entities. Therefore, perceptible attributes among the existent are declared as 'perceptible attributeness' (Gunatva).

Movement-ness (Karmatva)

Because of absence of the generality and the particularity, the state of being of various entities that have the potential to flow is engulfed in the beingness of the entities. Thus, the movement among the existent is declared as the movement-ness.

Definition of Existence, i.e. reality (Sat)

The 'Perceptible attribute' ness and 'Movement' ness are because of the absence of the generality and the particularity. Which also means, in the presence of generality and particularity, we see the manifested universe, at other times, its presence is not known.

Hence, at the end of second chapter, it is declared:
'Sat', i.e. the reality, i.e. existence, is because of particularity as a distinguishing mark, the same existence is also because of the absence of particularity as a distinguishing mark.