4.1 Summary

Becoming of qualities and the knowledge derived from the senses

The true auspicious cause is continously ever present. Its effect is the visible sign. The effect exists due to the existence of the cause.

Making the speciality temporary is the nature of unbecoming. Ignorance is thinking otherwise, i.e. speciality as permanent.

From 'Mahat', the primordial substance, comes various substances and forms. Though air is a substance formed from mahat, the primordial substance, it is not perceived due to absence of a well-formed form. The act of acquiring form and perception of form distinctively is due to conjunction of many substances. From it comes the knowledge of sense perception, such as taste, smell, and touch.

The absence of conjunction of substances results in 'avyabhicāraḥ', i.e. non-deviation, i.e. uniformity.

Number, magnitude, separateness, conjunction and disjunction, priority and posteriority, and motion are visible due to inherence of form in substance. The formless entities are not visible.

The above-stated principles explain the becoming of qualities and the knowledge derived from the senses.