12.285
जनक उवाच॥
janaka uvāca॥
[जनक (janaka) - Janaka; (proper noun, name of a king); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac', to speak);]
(Janaka said;)
Janaka said.
वर्णो विशेषवर्णानां महर्षे केन जायते। एतदिच्छाम्यहं श्रोतुं तद्ब्रूहि वदतां वर ॥१२-२८५-१॥
varṇo viśeṣavarṇānāṃ maharṣe kena jāyate। etadicchāmyahaṃ śrotuṃ tadbrūhi vadatāṃ vara ॥12-285-1॥
[वर्णः (varṇaḥ) - category; विशेषवर्णानाम् (viśeṣavarṇānām) - of the special categories; महर्षे (maharṣe) - O great sage; केन (kena) - by what; जायते (jāyate) - is born; एतत् (etat) - this; इच्छामि (icchāmi) - I wish; अहम् (aham) - I; श्रोतुम् (śrotum) - to hear; तत् (tat) - that; ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell; वदताम् (vadatām) - of speakers; वर (vara) - best;]
(Category of the special categories, O great sage, by what is it born? This I wish to hear, that tell, O best of speakers.)
O great sage, by what is the category of special categories born? I wish to hear this; please tell me that, O best of speakers.
यदेतज्जायतेऽपत्यं स एवायमिति श्रुतिः। कथं ब्राह्मणतो जातो विशेषग्रहणं गतः ॥१२-२८५-२॥
yadetajjāyate'patyaṃ sa evāyamiti śrutiḥ। kathaṃ brāhmaṇato jāto viśeṣagrahaṇaṃ gataḥ ॥12-285-2॥
[यत् (yat) - which; एतत् (etat) - this; जायते (jāyate) - is born; अपत्यं (apatyaṃ) - offspring; सः (saḥ) - he; एव (eva) - indeed; अयम् (ayam) - this; इति (iti) - thus; श्रुतिः (śrutiḥ) - scripture; कथम् (katham) - how; ब्राह्मणतः (brāhmaṇataḥ) - from a Brāhmaṇa; जातः (jātaḥ) - born; विशेषग्रहणं (viśeṣagrahaṇam) - special distinction; गतः (gataḥ) - has obtained;]
(Which this is born, offspring, he indeed this thus scripture. How from a Brāhmaṇa born special distinction has obtained.)
The scripture says, "That which is born as offspring, he is indeed this one." How has one born from a Brāhmaṇa obtained a special distinction?
पराशर उवाच॥
parāśara uvāca॥
[पराशर (parāśara) - Parāśara; (name of a sage); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (he) spoke;]
(Parāśara said;)
Parāśara said.
एवमेतन्महाराज येन जातः स एव सः। तपसस्त्वपकर्षेण जातिग्रहणतां गतः ॥१२-२८५-३॥
evam etan mahārāja yena jātaḥ sa eva saḥ। tapasas tv apakarṣeṇa jātigrahaṇatāṃ gataḥ ॥12-285-3॥
[एवम् (evam) - thus; एतत् (etat) - this; महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king; येन (yena) - by whom; जातः (jātaḥ) - born; सः (saḥ) - he; एव (eva) - indeed; सः (saḥ) - he; तपसः (tapasas) - of austerity; तु (tu) - but; अपकर्षेण (apakarṣeṇa) - by decline; जातिग्रहणताम् (jātigrahaṇatām) - the state of accepting caste; गतः (gataḥ) - has attained;]
(Thus, O great king, he who was born is indeed the same; but by the decline of austerity, he has attained the state of accepting caste.)
O great king, it is as you say: the one who was born is indeed the same person; but due to the decline of austerity, he has come to accept the distinctions of caste.
सुक्षेत्राच्च सुबीजाच्च पुण्यो भवति सम्भवः। अतोऽन्यतरतो हीनादवरो नाम जायते ॥१२-२८५-४॥
sukṣetrācca subījācca puṇyo bhavati sambhavaḥ। ato'nyatarato hīnādavaro nāma jāyate ॥12-285-4॥
[सु (su) - good; क्षेत्रात् (kṣetrāt) - from field; च (ca) - and; सु (su) - good; बीजात् (bījāt) - from seed; च (ca) - and; पुण्यः (puṇyaḥ) - auspicious; भवति (bhavati) - becomes; सम्भवः (sambhavaḥ) - origin; अतः (ataḥ) - therefore; अन्यतरतः (anyatarataḥ) - from either; हीनात् (hīnāt) - from inferior; अवरः (avaraḥ) - lower; नाम (nāma) - by name; जायते (jāyate) - is born;]
(From a good field and from a good seed, auspicious origin arises. Therefore, from either being inferior, a lower one by name is born.)
Auspicious origin arises from both a good field and a good seed. Therefore, if either is inferior, one known as lower is born.
वक्त्राद्भुजाभ्यामूरुभ्यां पद्भ्यां चैवाथ जज्ञिरे। सृजतः प्रजापतेर्लोकानिति धर्मविदो विदुः ॥१२-२८५-५॥
vaktrādbhujābhyāmūrubhyāṃ padbhyāṃ caivātha jajñire। sṛjataḥ prajāpaterlokāniti dharmavido viduḥ ॥12-285-5॥
[वक्त्रात् (vaktrāt) - from the mouth; भुजाभ्याम् (bhujābhyām) - from the two arms; ऊरुभ्याम् (ūrubhyām) - from the two thighs; पद्भ्याम् (padbhyām) - from the two feet; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; अथ (atha) - then; जज्ञिरे (jajñire) - were born; सृजतः (sṛjataḥ) - of the one creating; प्रजापतेः (prajāpateḥ) - of Prajāpati; लोकान् (lokān) - worlds; इति (iti) - thus; धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - knowers of dharma; विदुः (viduḥ) - know;]
(From the mouth, from the two arms, from the two thighs, from the two feet, and indeed then were born; of the one creating, of Prajāpati, the worlds—thus the knowers of dharma know.)
The knowers of dharma say that the worlds were born from the mouth, the two arms, the two thighs, and the two feet of Prajāpati, the creator.
मुखजा ब्राह्मणास्तात बाहुजाः क्षत्रबन्धवः। ऊरुजा धनिनो राजन्पादजाः परिचारकाः ॥१२-२८५-६॥
mukhajā brāhmaṇāstāta bāhujāḥ kṣatrabandhavaḥ। ūrujā dhanino rājanpādajāḥ paricārakāḥ ॥12-285-6॥
[मुखजा (mukhajā) - born from the mouth; ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brāhmaṇas; तात (tāta) - O dear one; बाहुजाः (bāhujāḥ) - born from the arms; क्षत्रबन्धवः (kṣatrabandhavaḥ) - Kṣatriya relatives; ऊरुजा (ūrujā) - born from the thighs; धनिनः (dhaninaḥ) - Vaiśyas (wealthy); राजन् (rājan) - O king; पादजाः (pādajāḥ) - born from the feet; परिचारकाः (paricārakāḥ) - servants;]
(Born from the mouth are the Brāhmaṇas, O dear one; born from the arms are the Kṣatriya relatives; born from the thighs are the Vaiśyas, O king; born from the feet are the servants.)
O dear one, Brāhmaṇas are born from the mouth, Kṣatriyas from the arms, Vaiśyas (the wealthy) from the thighs, and servants from the feet, O king.
चतुर्णामेव वर्णानामागमः पुरुषर्षभ। अतोऽन्ये त्वतिरिक्ता ये ते वै सङ्करजाः स्मृताः ॥१२-२८५-७॥
caturṇāmeva varṇānām āgamaḥ puruṣarṣabha। ato'anye tvatiriktā ye te vai saṅkarajāḥ smṛtāḥ ॥12-285-7॥
[चतुर्णाम् (caturṇām) - of the four; (genitive plural of catur, four) एव (eva) - indeed; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of varṇas; (castes/classes) आगमः (āgamaḥ) - origin; पुरुषर्षभ (puruṣarṣabha) - O best of men; अतः (ataḥ) - from this; (hence) अन्ये (anye) - others; तु (tu) - but; अतिरिक्ता (atiriktā) - additional; (excess, beyond) ये (ye) - who; ते (te) - they; वै (vai) - indeed; सङ्करजाः (saṅkarajāḥ) - born of mixture; स्मृताः (smṛtāḥ) - are considered;]
(O best of men, the origin is indeed of the four varṇas; but those others who are additional, they are indeed considered born of mixture.)
O best of men, the origin is only of the four varṇas; all others, who are additional, are indeed considered to be born of mixture.
क्षत्रजातिरथाम्बष्ठा उग्रा वैदेहकास्तथा। श्वपाकाः पुल्कसाः स्तेना निषादाः सूतमागधाः ॥१२-२८५-८॥
kṣatrajātirathāmbaṣṭhā ugrā vaidehakāstathā। śvapākāḥ pulkasāḥ stenā niṣādāḥ sūtamāgadhāḥ ॥12-285-8॥
[क्षत्रजातयः (kṣatrajātayaḥ) - kṣatriya-born ones; अथ (atha) - then; आम्बष्ठाः (āmbaṣṭhāḥ) - āmbaṣṭhas; उग्राः (ugrāḥ) - ugras; वैदेहकाः (vaidehakāḥ) - vaidehakas; तथा (tathā) - likewise; श्वपाकाः (śvapākāḥ) - dog-cookers; पुल्कसाः (pulkasāḥ) - pulkasas; स्तेनाः (stenāḥ) - thieves; निषादाः (niṣādāḥ) - niṣādas; सूतमागधाः (sūtamāgadhāḥ) - sūtas and māgadhas;]
(Kṣatriya-born ones, then āmbaṣṭhas, ugras, vaidehakas likewise, dog-cookers, pulkasas, thieves, niṣādas, sūtas and māgadhas.)
Kṣatriya-born, āmbaṣṭhas, ugras, vaidehakas, as well as dog-cookers, pulkasas, thieves, niṣādas, sūtas, and māgadhas are mentioned here.
आयोगाः करणा व्रात्याश्चण्डालाश्च नराधिप। एते चतुर्भ्यो वर्णेभ्यो जायन्ते वै परस्परम् ॥१२-२८५-९॥
āyogāḥ karaṇā vrātyāścaṇḍālāśca narādhipa। ete caturbhyo varṇebhyo jāyante vai parasparam ॥12-285-9॥
[आयोगाः (āyogāḥ) - outcastes; (those not belonging to any class); करणाः (karaṇāḥ) - offspring of mixed castes; व्रात्याः (vrātyāḥ) - those fallen from their caste; च (ca) - and; चण्डालाः (caṇḍālāḥ) - caṇḍālas; (lowest caste); च (ca) - and; नराधिप (narādhipa) - O king; एते (ete) - these; चतुर्भ्यः (caturbhyaḥ) - from the four; वर्णेभ्यः (varṇebhyaḥ) - castes; जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born; वै (vai) - indeed; परस्परम् (parasparam) - mutually;]
(Outcastes, offspring of mixed castes, those fallen from their caste, and caṇḍālas, O king, these are indeed born mutually from the four castes.)
O king, outcastes, mixed-caste offspring, those fallen from their caste, and caṇḍālas are all mutually born from the four castes.
जनक उवाच॥
janaka uvāca॥
[जनक (janaka) - Janaka; (proper noun; name of a king); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac', to speak);]
(Janaka said;)
Janaka said.
ब्रह्मणैकेन जातानां नानात्वं गोत्रतः कथम्। बहूनीह हि लोके वै गोत्राणि मुनिसत्तम ॥१२-२८५-१०॥
brahmaṇaikena jātānāṃ nānātvaṃ gotrataḥ katham। bahūnīha hi loke vai gotrāṇi munisattama ॥12-285-10॥
[ब्रह्मणा (brahmaṇā) - by Brahman; (the Creator) एकेन (ekena) - by one; (single) जातानाम् (jātānām) - of those born; (creatures) नानात्वम् (nānātvam) - diversity; (variety) गोत्रतः (gotrataḥ) - from lineage; (clan) कथम् (katham) - how; (in what way) बहूनि (bahūni) - many; (numerous) इह (iha) - here; (in this world) हि (hi) - indeed; (certainly) लोके (loke) - in the world; (among people) वै (vai) - truly; (indeed) गोत्राणि (gotrāṇi) - lineages; (clans) मुनिसत्तम (munisattama) - O best of sages;]
(By Brahman, by one, of those born, diversity from lineage, how? Many here indeed in the world truly lineages, O best of sages.)
O best of sages, how is there diversity of lineages among those born from the one Brahman? Indeed, there are many lineages in this world.
यत्र तत्र कथं जाताः स्वयोनिं मुनयो गताः। शूद्रयोनौ समुत्पन्ना वियोनौ च तथापरे ॥१२-२८५-११॥
yatra tatra kathaṃ jātāḥ svayoniṃ munayo gatāḥ। śūdrayonau samutpannā viyonau ca tathāpare ॥12-285-11॥
[यत्र (yatra) - where; तत्र (tatra) - there; कथं (kathaṃ) - how; जाताः (jātāḥ) - born; स्वयोनिं (svayoniṃ) - own womb; मुनयः (munayaḥ) - sages; गताः (gatāḥ) - gone; शूद्रयोनौ (śūdrayonau) - in the womb of a śūdra; समुत्पन्नाः (samutpannāḥ) - arisen; वियोनौ (viyonau) - in another womb; च (ca) - and; तथा (tathā) - likewise; अपरे (apare) - others;]
(Where, there, how, born, own womb, sages, gone; in the womb of a śūdra, arisen; in another womb, and likewise others.)
Wherever and however born, sages who have gone to their own womb, some have arisen in the womb of a śūdra, and others likewise in another womb.
पराशर उवाच॥
parāśara uvāca॥
[पराशर (parāśara) - Parāśara; (name of a sage); उवाच (uvāca) - said;]
(Parāśara said;)
Parāśara said.
राजन्नैतद्भवेद्ग्राह्यमपकृष्टेन जन्मना। महात्मनां समुत्पत्तिस्तपसा भावितात्मनाम् ॥१२-२८५-१२॥
rājannaitadbhavedgrāhyamapakṛṣṭena janmanā। mahātmanāṃ samutpattistapasā bhāvitātmanām ॥12-285-12॥
[राजन् (rājan) - O king; एतत् (etat) - this; न (na) - not; एतद् (etad) - this; भवेत् (bhavet) - should be; ग्रह्यम् (grāhyam) - accepted; अपकृष्टेन (apakṛṣṭena) - by one of low birth; जन्मना (janmanā) - by birth; महात्मनाम् (mahātmanām) - of great souls; समुत्पत्तिः (samutpattiḥ) - origin; तपसा (tapasā) - by austerity; भावितात्मनाम् (bhāvitātmanām) - of those whose selves are purified;]
(O king, this should not be accepted by one of low birth by birth; the origin of great souls is by austerity, of those whose selves are purified.)
O king, this is not to be accepted as possible for one of low birth; the birth of great souls is through austerity, of those whose selves are purified.
उत्पाद्य पुत्रान्मुनयो नृपते यत्र तत्र ह। स्वेनैव तपसा तेषामृषित्वं विदधुः पुनः ॥१२-२८५-१३॥
utpādya putrān munayo nṛpate yatra tatra ha। svenaiva tapasā teṣām ṛṣitvaṃ vidadhuḥ punaḥ ॥12-285-13॥
[उत्पाद्य (utpādya) - having produced; पुत्रान् (putrān) - sons; मुनयः (munayaḥ) - sages; नृपते (nṛpate) - O king; यत्र (yatra) - where; तत्र (tatra) - there; ह (ha) - indeed; स्वेनैव (svenaiva) - by their own; तपसा (tapasā) - by austerity; तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them; ऋषित्वं (ṛṣitvaṃ) - the state of being a sage; विदधुः (vidadhuḥ) - they accomplished; पुनः (punaḥ) - again;]
(Having produced sons, the sages, O king, wherever and whenever, indeed, by their own austerity, again accomplished the state of being a sage for themselves.)
O king, after begetting sons, the sages, wherever they were, again attained sagehood for themselves by their own austerity.
पितामहश्च मे पूर्वमृश्यशृङ्गश्च काश्यपः। वटस्ताण्ड्यः कृपश्चैव कक्षीवान्कमठादयः ॥१२-२८५-१४॥
pitāmahaś ca me pūrvam ṛṣyaśṛṅgaś ca kāśyapaḥ। vaṭas tāṇḍyaḥ kṛpaś caiva kakṣīvān kamaṭhādayaḥ ॥12-285-14॥
[पितामहः (pitāmahaḥ) - paternal grandfather; च (ca) - and; मे (me) - my; पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - formerly; ऋश्यशृङ्गः (ṛṣyaśṛṅgaḥ) - Ṛṣyaśṛṅga (name of a sage); च (ca) - and; काश्यपः (kāśyapaḥ) - Kāśyapa (name of a sage); वटः (vaṭaḥ) - Vaṭa (name of a sage); ताण्ड्यः (tāṇḍyaḥ) - Tāṇḍya (name of a sage); कृपः (kṛpaḥ) - Kṛpa (name of a sage); च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; कक्षीवान् (kakṣīvān) - Kakṣīvān (name of a sage); कमठादयः (kamaṭhādayaḥ) - Kamaṭha and others;]
(Paternal grandfather and my formerly Ṛṣyaśṛṅga and Kāśyapa, Vaṭa, Tāṇḍya, Kṛpa indeed and Kakṣīvān, Kamaṭha and others.)
My paternal grandfather, and formerly Ṛṣyaśṛṅga, Kāśyapa, Vaṭa, Tāṇḍya, Kṛpa, as well as Kakṣīvān, Kamaṭha, and others.
यवक्रीतश्च नृपते द्रोणश्च वदतां वरः। आयुर्मतङ्गो दत्तश्च द्रुपदो मत्स्य एव च ॥१२-२८५-१५॥
yavakrītaś ca nṛpate droṇaś ca vadatāṃ varaḥ। āyur mataṅgo dattaś ca drupado matsya eva ca ॥12-285-15॥
[यवक्रीतः (yavakrītaḥ) - Yavakrīta; (a proper name); च (ca) - and; नृपते (nṛpate) - O king; द्रोणः (droṇaḥ) - Droṇa; (a proper name); च (ca) - and; वदतां (vadatām) - of speakers; वरः (varaḥ) - the best; आयुः (āyuḥ) - Āyu; (a proper name); मतङ्गः (mataṅgaḥ) - Mataṅga; (a proper name); दत्तः (dattaḥ) - Datta; (a proper name); च (ca) - and; द्रुपदः (drupadaḥ) - Drupada; (a proper name); मत्स्यः (matsyaḥ) - Matsya; (a proper name); एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and;]
(Yavakrīta and, O king, Droṇa and the best of speakers; Āyu, Mataṅga, Datta and Drupada, Matsya indeed and;)
Yavakrīta, O king, Droṇa, the best of speakers; Āyu, Mataṅga, Datta, Drupada, and Matsya as well.
एते स्वां प्रकृतिं प्राप्ता वैदेह तपसोऽऽश्रयात्। प्रतिष्ठिता वेदविदो दमे तपसि चैव हि ॥१२-२८५-१६॥
ete svāṃ prakṛtiṃ prāptā vaideha tapaso''śrayāt। pratiṣṭhitā vedavido dame tapasi caiva hi ॥12-285-16॥
[एते (ete) - these; स्वाम् (svām) - own; प्रकृतिम् (prakṛtim) - nature; प्राप्ताः (prāptāḥ) - attained; वैदेह (vaideha) - O Vaideha; तपसः (tapasaḥ) - of austerity; आश्रयात् (āśrayāt) - from the resort; प्रतिष्ठिताः (pratiṣṭhitāḥ) - established; वेदविदः (vedavidaḥ) - knowers of the Veda; दमे (dame) - in self-restraint; तपसि (tapasi) - in austerity; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; हि (hi) - certainly;]
(These, having attained their own nature, O Vaideha, from the resort of austerity, are established, the knowers of the Veda, in self-restraint and in austerity indeed certainly.)
O Vaideha, these knowers of the Veda, having attained their own nature through the support of austerity, are firmly established in self-restraint and austerity.
मूलगोत्राणि चत्वारि समुत्पन्नानि पार्थिव। अङ्गिराः कश्यपश्चैव वसिष्ठो भृगुरेव च ॥१२-२८५-१७॥
mūlagotrāṇi catvāri samutpannāni pārthiva। aṅgirāḥ kaśyapaścaiva vasiṣṭho bhṛgureva ca ॥12-285-17॥
[मूलगोत्राणि (mūlagotrāṇi) - original lineages; चत्वारि (catvāri) - four; समुत्पन्नानि (samutpannāni) - arisen; पार्थिव (pārthiva) - O king; अङ्गिराः (aṅgirāḥ) - Aṅgiras; कश्यपः (kaśyapaḥ) - Kaśyapa; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; वसिष्ठः (vasiṣṭhaḥ) - Vasiṣṭha; भृगुः (bhṛguḥ) - Bhṛgu; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and;]
(O king, the four original lineages have arisen: Aṅgiras, Kaśyapa, Vasiṣṭha, and Bhṛgu indeed.)
O king, four original gotras arose: Aṅgiras, Kaśyapa, Vasiṣṭha, and Bhṛgu.
कर्मतोऽन्यानि गोत्राणि समुत्पन्नानि पार्थिव। नामधेयानि तपसा तानि च ग्रहणं सताम् ॥१२-२८५-१८॥
karmato'nyāni gotrāṇi samutpannāni pārthiva। nāmadheyāni tapasā tāni ca grahaṇaṃ satām ॥12-285-18॥
[कर्मतः (karmataḥ) - from action; अन्यानि (anyāni) - other; गोत्राणि (gotrāṇi) - lineages; समुत्पन्नानि (samutpannāni) - arisen; पार्थिव (pārthiva) - O king; नामधेयानि (nāmadheyāni) - names; तपसा (tapasā) - by austerity; तानि (tāni) - those; च (ca) - and; ग्रहणम् (grahaṇam) - acceptance; सताम् (satām) - of the virtuous;]
(From action, other lineages have arisen, O king. Names, by austerity, those and acceptance of the virtuous.)
O king, other lineages have arisen from action. Those names are obtained by austerity and are accepted by the virtuous.
जनक उवाच॥
janaka uvāca॥
[जनक (janaka) - Janaka; (proper noun, name of a king); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac', to speak);]
(Janaka said;)
Janaka said.
विशेषधर्मान्वर्णानां प्रब्रूहि भगवन्मम। तथा सामान्यधर्मांश्च सर्वत्र कुशलो ह्यसि ॥१२-२८५-१९॥
viśeṣadharmān varṇānāṃ prabrūhi bhagavan mama। tathā sāmānyadharmāṃś ca sarvatra kuśalo hy asi ॥12-285-19॥
[विशेषधर्मान् (viśeṣadharmān) - distinct duties; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of the classes; प्रब्रूहि (prabrūhi) - declare; भगवन् (bhagavan) - O revered one; मम (mama) - to me; तथा (tathā) - also; सामान्यधर्मान् (sāmānyadharmān) - common duties; च (ca) - and; सर्वत्र (sarvatra) - everywhere; कुशलः (kuśalaḥ) - skilled; हि (hi) - indeed; असि (asi) - you are;]
(Declare to me, O revered one, the distinct duties of the classes; also the common duties everywhere, for you are indeed skilled.)
O revered one, please tell me the specific duties of the classes and also the general duties applicable everywhere, for you are indeed knowledgeable.
पराशर उवाच॥
parāśara uvāca॥
[पराशर (parāśara) - Parāśara; (name of a sage); उवाच (uvāca) - said; spoke;]
(Parāśara said;)
Parāśara said.
प्रतिग्रहो याजनं च तथैवाध्यापनं नृप। विशेषधर्मो विप्राणां रक्षा क्षत्रस्य शोभना ॥१२-२८५-२०॥
pratigraho yājanaṃ ca tathaivādhyāpanaṃ nṛpa। viśeṣadharmo viprāṇāṃ rakṣā kṣatrasya śobhanā ॥12-285-20॥
[प्रतिग्रहः (pratigrahaḥ) - acceptance (of gifts); याजनम् (yājanam) - causing to perform sacrifice; च (ca) - and; तथैव (tathaiva) - likewise; अध्यापनम् (adhyāpanam) - teaching (others); नृप (nṛpa) - O king; विशेषधर्मः (viśeṣadharmaḥ) - special duty; विप्राणाम् (viprāṇām) - of the Brāhmaṇas; रक्षा (rakṣā) - protection; क्षत्रस्य (kṣatrasya) - of the Kṣatriya; शोभना (śobhanā) - excellent;]
(Acceptance (of gifts), causing to perform sacrifice, and likewise teaching (others), O king, are the special duties of the Brāhmaṇas; protection is the excellent (duty) of the Kṣatriya.)
O king, acceptance of gifts, conducting sacrifices, and teaching are the special duties of Brāhmaṇas; protection is the noble duty of Kṣatriyas.
कृषिश्च पाशुपाल्यं च वाणिज्यं च विशामपि। द्विजानां परिचर्या च शूद्रकर्म नराधिप ॥१२-२८५-२१॥
kṛṣiś ca pāśupālyaṃ ca vāṇijyaṃ ca viśām api। dvijānāṃ paricaryā ca śūdrakarma narādhipa ॥12-285-21॥
[कृषि (kṛṣi) - agriculture; च (ca) - and; पाशुपाल्यं (pāśupālyaṃ) - animal husbandry; च (ca) - and; वाणिज्यं (vāṇijyaṃ) - trade; च (ca) - and; विशाम् (viśām) - of the Vaiśyas; अपि (api) - also; द्विजानाम् (dvijānām) - of the twice-born (Brāhmaṇas, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas); परिचर्या (paricaryā) - service; च (ca) - and; शूद्रकर्म (śūdrakarma) - the duty of the Śūdra; नराधिप (narādhipa) - O king;]
(Agriculture and animal husbandry and trade also are of the Vaiśyas; service of the twice-born and the duty of the Śūdra, O king.)
O king, agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade are the duties of the Vaiśyas; service to the twice-born is the duty of the Śūdra.
विशेषधर्मा नृपते वर्णानां परिकीर्तिताः। धर्मान्साधारणांस्तात विस्तरेण शृणुष्व मे ॥१२-२८५-२२॥
viśeṣadharmā nṛpate varṇānāṃ parikīrtitāḥ। dharmānsādhāraṇāṃstāta vistareṇa śṛṇuṣva me ॥12-285-22॥
[विशेषधर्माः (viśeṣadharmāḥ) - special duties; नृपते (nṛpate) - O king; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of the classes; परिकीर्तिताः (parikīrtitāḥ) - have been described; धर्मान् (dharmān) - duties; साधारणान् (sādhāraṇān) - common; तात (tāta) - dear one; विस्तरेण (vistareṇa) - in detail; शृणुष्व (śṛṇuṣva) - listen; मे (me) - from me;]
(O king, the special duties of the classes have been described. Now, dear one, listen from me to the common duties in detail.)
O king, the special duties of the classes have been described. Now, dear one, listen as I explain the common duties in detail.
आनृशंस्यमहिंसा चाप्रमादः संविभागिता। श्राद्धकर्मातिथेयं च सत्यमक्रोध एव च ॥१२-२८५-२३॥
ānṛśaṁsyamahiṁsā cāpramādaḥ saṁvibhāgitā। śrāddhakarmātitheyaṁ ca satyamakrodha eva ca ॥12-285-23॥
[आनृशंस्य (ānṛśaṁsya) - compassion; अहिंसा (ahiṁsā) - non-injury; च (ca) - and; अप्रमादः (apramādaḥ) - vigilance; संविभागिता (saṁvibhāgitā) - sharing; श्राद्धकर्म (śrāddhakarma) - rites for ancestors; अतिथेयं (atitheyaṁ) - hospitality to guests; च (ca) - and; सत्यं (satyaṁ) - truth; अक्रोध (akrodha) - absence of anger; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and;]
(Compassion, non-injury, and vigilance, sharing, rites for ancestors, hospitality to guests, and truth, absence of anger indeed and.)
Compassion, non-violence, vigilance, sharing, performing ancestral rites, hospitality to guests, truthfulness, and absence of anger are indeed virtues.
स्वेषु दारेषु सन्तोषः शौचं नित्यानसूयता। आत्मज्ञानं तितिक्षा च धर्माः साधारणा नृप ॥१२-२८५-२४॥
sveṣu dāreṣu santoṣaḥ śaucaṃ nityānasūyatā। ātmajñānaṃ titikṣā ca dharmāḥ sādhāraṇā nṛpa ॥12-285-24॥
[स्वेषु (sveṣu) - in one's own; (plural locative); दारेषु (dāreṣu) - wives; (plural locative); सन्तोषः (santoṣaḥ) - contentment; (masculine nominative singular); शौचं (śaucaṃ) - purity; (neuter nominative/accusative singular); नित्या (nityā) - constant; (feminine nominative singular); अनसूयता (anasūyatā) - absence of envy; (feminine nominative singular); आत्मज्ञानं (ātmajñānaṃ) - self-knowledge; (neuter nominative/accusative singular); तितिक्षा (titikṣā) - forbearance; (feminine nominative singular); च (ca) - and; धर्माः (dharmāḥ) - virtues; (masculine nominative plural); साधारणा (sādhāraṇā) - common; (feminine nominative plural); नृप (nṛpa) - O king; (vocative singular);]
(In one's own wives, contentment; purity; constant absence of envy; self-knowledge; forbearance and virtues are common, O king.)
Contentment with one's own wives, purity, constant absence of envy, self-knowledge, and forbearance are virtues common to all, O king.
ब्राह्मणाः क्षत्रिया वैश्यास्त्रयो वर्णा द्विजातयः। अत्र तेषामधीकारो धर्मेषु द्विपदां वर ॥१२-२८५-२५॥
brāhmaṇāḥ kṣatriyā vaiśyāstrayo varṇā dvijātayaḥ। atra teṣāmadīkāro dharmeṣu dvipadāṃ vara ॥12-285-25॥
[ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brāhmaṇas; (the priestly class); क्षत्रियाः (kṣatriyāḥ) - Kṣatriyas; (the warrior class); वैश्याः (vaiśyāḥ) - Vaiśyas; (the merchant class); त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three; (in number); वर्णाः (varṇāḥ) - classes; (castes); द्विजातयः (dvijātayaḥ) - twice-born; (those who have undergone initiation); अत्र (atra) - here; (in this context); तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them; (their); अधीकारः (adhīkāraḥ) - authority; (right); धर्मेषु (dharmeṣu) - in dharmas; (in duties); द्विपदाम् (dvipadām) - of bipeds; (of humans); वर (vara) - best; (O best one);]
(Brāhmaṇas, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas—three classes, twice-born; here, of them, authority, in dharmas, of bipeds, O best.)
O best of bipeds, here the authority regarding dharmas belongs to the three twice-born classes: Brāhmaṇas, Kṣatriyas, and Vaiśyas.
विकर्मावस्थिता वर्णाः पतन्ति नृपते त्रयः। उन्नमन्ति यथासन्तमाश्रित्येह स्वकर्मसु ॥१२-२८५-२६॥
vikarmāvasthitā varṇāḥ patanti nṛpate trayaḥ। unnamanti yathāsantamāśrityeha svakarmasu ॥12-285-26॥
[विकर्मावस्थिता (vikarmāvasthitā) - engaged in improper actions; वर्णाः (varṇāḥ) - castes; पतन्ति (patanti) - fall; नृपते (nṛpate) - O king; त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three; उन्नमन्ति (unnamanti) - rise; यथा (yathā) - as; असन्तम् (asantam) - the existent; आश्रित्य (āśritya) - having resorted to; इह (iha) - here; स्वकर्मसु (svakarmasu) - in their own actions;]
(The castes engaged in improper actions, O king, three fall; as, having resorted to the existent, here, rise in their own actions.)
O king, the three castes engaged in improper actions fall; but here, as they resort to the existent, they rise through their own actions.
न चापि शूद्रः पततीति निश्चयो; न चापि संस्कारमिहार्हतीति वा। श्रुतिप्रवृत्तं न च धर्ममाप्नुते; न चास्य धर्मे प्रतिषेधन कृतम् ॥१२-२८५-२७॥
na cāpi śūdraḥ patatīti niścayo; na cāpi saṃskāramihārhatīti vā. śrutipr̥vr̥ttaṃ na ca dharmamāpnute; na cāsya dharme pratiṣedhana kr̥tam ॥12-285-27॥
[न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - Śūdra; पतति (patati) - falls (from dharma); इति (iti) - thus; निश्चयः (niścayaḥ) - certainty; न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; संस्कारम् (saṃskāram) - sacrament; इह (iha) - here; अर्हति (arhati) - deserves; इति (iti) - thus; वा (vā) - or; श्रुति (śruti) - Vedic scripture; प्रवृत्तम् (pravṛttam) - prescribed; न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; धर्मम् (dharmam) - dharma; आप्नुते (āpnute) - attains; न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; अस्य (asya) - his; धर्मे (dharme) - in dharma; प्रतिषेधन (pratiṣedhana) - prohibition; कृतम् (kṛtam) - done;]
(Not also is there certainty that the Śūdra falls; nor also that he here deserves sacrament, or. Vedic scripture prescribed not also does he attain dharma; nor in his dharma is prohibition done.)
There is no certainty that the Śūdra falls, nor that he is unfit for sacraments here. Nor does he, by what is prescribed in the Vedas, fail to attain dharma; nor is there any prohibition in his dharma.
वैदेहकं शूद्रमुदाहरन्ति; द्विजा महाराज श्रुतोपपन्नाः। अहं हि पश्यामि नरेन्द्र देवं; विश्वस्य विष्णुं जगतः प्रधानम् ॥१२-२८५-२८॥
vaidehakaṃ śūdram udāharanti; dvijā mahārāja śrutopapannāḥ। ahaṃ hi paśyāmi narendra devaṃ; viśvasya viṣṇuṃ jagataḥ pradhānam ॥12-285-28॥
[वैदेहकं (vaidehakam) - of the people of Videha; शूद्रम् (śūdram) - a Śūdra; उदाहरन्ति (udāharanti) - they call; द्विजाः (dvijāḥ) - the twice-born; महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king; श्रुतोपपन्नाः (śrutopapannāḥ) - endowed with scriptural knowledge; अहम् (aham) - I; हि (hi) - indeed; पश्यामि (paśyāmi) - see; नरेन्द्र (narendra) - O king; देवम् (devam) - the divine; विश्वस्य (viśvasya) - of the universe; विष्णुम् (viṣṇum) - Viṣṇu; जगतः (jagataḥ) - of the world; प्रधानम् (pradhānam) - the chief;]
(They call the people of Videha as Śūdra; O great king, the twice-born endowed with scriptural knowledge. Indeed, O king, I see the divine Viṣṇu, the chief of the universe, of the world.)
The people of Videha are called Śūdra, O great king, by the twice-born who are learned in the scriptures. But I, O king, see the divine Viṣṇu as the chief of the universe and the world.
सतां वृत्तमनुष्ठाय निहीना उज्जिहीर्षवः। मन्त्रवर्जं न दुष्यन्ति कुर्वाणाः पौष्टिकीः क्रियाः ॥१२-२८५-२९॥
satāṃ vṛttam anuṣṭhāya nihīnā ujjihīrṣavaḥ। mantra-varjaṃ na duṣyanti kurvāṇāḥ pauṣṭikīḥ kriyāḥ॥12-285-29॥
[सताम् (satām) - of the virtuous; वृत्तम् (vṛttam) - conduct; अनुष्ठाय (anuṣṭhāya) - having performed; निहीनाः (nihīnāḥ) - devoid; उज्जिहीर्षवः (ujjihīrṣavaḥ) - desiring to rise; मन्त्रवर्जम् (mantra-varjam) - devoid of mantra; न (na) - not; दुष्यन्ति (duṣyanti) - are spoiled; कुर्वाणाः (kurvāṇāḥ) - performing; पौष्टिकीः (pauṣṭikīḥ) - nourishing; क्रियाः (kriyāḥ) - acts;]
(Having performed the conduct of the virtuous, those devoid (of virtue), desiring to rise, performing nourishing acts devoid of mantra, are not spoiled.)
Those who, having followed the conduct of the virtuous, though lacking in virtue themselves and desiring to rise, perform nourishing acts without mantras, are not corrupted.
यथा यथा हि सद्वृत्तमालम्बन्तीतरे जनाः। तथा तथा सुखं प्राप्य प्रेत्य चेह च शेरते ॥१२-२८५-३०॥
yathā yathā hi sadvṛttam ālambante itare janāḥ। tathā tathā sukham prāpya pretya ca iha ca śerate ॥12-285-30॥
[यथा (yathā) - in whatever manner; यथा (yathā) - in whatever manner; हि (hi) - indeed; सद्वृत्तम् (sadvṛttam) - good conduct; आलम्बन्ति (ālambanti) - adopt; इतरे (itare) - other; जनाः (janāḥ) - people; तथा (tathā) - in that manner; तथा (tathā) - in that manner; सुखम् (sukham) - happiness; प्राप्य (prāpya) - having attained; प्रेत्य (pretya) - after death; च (ca) - and; इह (iha) - here (in this world); च (ca) - and; शेरते (śerate) - rest; १२-२८५-३० (12-285-30) - 12-285-30;]
(In whatever manner indeed good conduct is adopted by other people, in that manner, having attained happiness, after death and here and, they rest. 12-285-30.)
As people adopt good conduct, so they attain happiness and rest both in this world and after death. 12-285-30.
जनक उवाच॥
janaka uvāca॥
[जनक (janaka) - Janaka; (proper noun, name of a king); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac', to speak);]
(Janaka said;)
Janaka said.
किं कर्म दूषयत्येनमथ जातिर्महामुने। संदेहो मे समुत्पन्नस्तन्मे व्याख्यातुमर्हसि ॥१२-२८५-३१॥
kiṁ karma dūṣayatyenamatha jātirmahāmune। saṁdeho me samutpannastanme vyākhyātumarhasi ॥12-285-31॥
[किं (kiṁ) - what; कर्म (karma) - action; दूषयति (dūṣayati) - defiles; एनम् (enam) - him; अथ (atha) - or; जातिः (jātiḥ) - birth; महामुने (mahāmune) - O great sage; सन्देहः (saṁdehaḥ) - doubt; मे (me) - my; समुत्पन्नः (samutpannaḥ) - arisen; तत् (tat) - that; मे (me) - to me; व्याख्यातुम् (vyākhyātum) - to explain; अर्हसि (arhasi) - you ought;]
(What action defiles him, or is it birth, O great sage? A doubt has arisen in me; that you ought to explain to me.)
O great sage, does action defile him, or is it birth? A doubt has arisen in me; please explain that to me.
पराशर उवाच॥
parāśara uvāca॥
[पराशर (parāśara) - Parāśara; (a sage's name); उवाच (uvāca) - said; spoke;]
(Parāśara said;)
Parāśara said.
असंशयं महाराज उभयं दोषकारकम्। कर्म चैव हि जातिश्च विशेषं तु निशामय ॥१२-२८५-३२॥
asaṃśayaṃ mahārāja ubhayaṃ doṣakārakam। karma caiva hi jātiśca viśeṣaṃ tu niśāmaya ॥12-285-32॥
[असंशयं (asaṃśayam) - without doubt; महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king; उभयं (ubhayaṃ) - both; दोषकारकम् (doṣakārakam) - cause of fault; कर्म (karma) - action; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; हि (hi) - for; जातिः (jātiḥ) - birth; च (ca) - and; विशेषम् (viśeṣam) - distinction; तु (tu) - but; निशामय (niśāmaya) - observe;]
(Without doubt, O great king, both are causes of fault: action and indeed birth; but observe the distinction.)
O great king, without doubt, both action and birth are causes of fault; but observe the distinction between them.
जात्या च कर्मणा चैव दुष्टं कर्म निषेवते। जात्या दुष्टश्च यः पापं न करोति स पूरुषः ॥१२-२८५-३३॥
jātyā ca karmaṇā caiva duṣṭaṃ karma niṣevate। jātyā duṣṭaśca yaḥ pāpaṃ na karoti sa pūruṣaḥ ॥12-285-33॥
[जात्या (jātyā) - by birth; च (ca) - and; कर्मणा (karmaṇā) - by action; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; दुष्टं (duṣṭam) - wicked; कर्म (karma) - action; निषेवते (niṣevate) - engages in; जात्या (jātyā) - by birth; दुष्टः (duṣṭaḥ) - wicked; च (ca) - and; यः (yaḥ) - who; पापं (pāpam) - sin; न (na) - not; करोति (karoti) - does; स (sa) - he; पूरुषः (pūruṣaḥ) - man;]
(By birth and by action indeed, a wicked action he engages in. By birth wicked and who sin does not do, he is a man.)
One who, though born in a wicked family and by action, engages in wicked deeds, but if one is wicked by birth and yet does not commit sin, he is truly a man.
जात्या प्रधानं पुरुषं कुर्वाणं कर्म धिक्कृतम्। कर्म तद्दूषयत्येनं तस्मात्कर्म नशोभनम् ॥१२-२८५-३४॥
jātyā pradhānaṃ puruṣaṃ kurvāṇaṃ karma dhikkṛtam। karma taddūṣayatyenaṃ tasmātkarma naśobhanam ॥12-285-34॥
[जात्या (jātyā) - by birth; प्रधानं (pradhānam) - principal; पुरुषं (puruṣam) - man; कुर्वाणं (kurvāṇam) - doing; कर्म (karma) - action; धिक्कृतम् (dhikkṛtam) - condemned; कर्म (karma) - action; तत् (tat) - that; दूषयति (dūṣayati) - taints; एनम् (enam) - him; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; कर्म (karma) - action; न (na) - not; शोभनम् (śobhanam) - auspicious;]
(By birth, a principal man doing action is condemned; that action taints him; therefore, action is not auspicious.)
A man of high birth who performs actions is condemned; such actions taint him, and therefore, action is not considered auspicious.
जनक उवाच॥
janaka uvāca॥
[जनक (janaka) - Janaka; (proper noun, name of a king); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac', to speak);]
(Janaka said;)
Janaka said.
कानि कर्माणि धर्म्याणि लोकेऽस्मिन्द्विजसत्तम। न हिंसन्तीह भूतानि क्रियमाणानि सर्वदा ॥१२-२८५-३५॥
kāni karmāṇi dharmyāṇi loke'smindvijasattama। na hiṁsantīha bhūtāni kriyamāṇāni sarvadā ॥12-285-35॥
[कानि (kāni) - which; (neuter plural interrogative pronoun) कर्माणि (karmāṇi) - actions; (neuter plural of karma) धर्म्याणि (dharmyāṇi) - righteous; (neuter plural of dharmya, pertaining to dharma) लोकेऽस्मिन् (loke'smin) - in this world; (loke = in the world, asmin = this) द्विजसत्तम (dvijasattama) - O best of twice-born; (dvija = twice-born, sattama = best) न (na) - not; हिंसन्ति (hiṁsanti) - injure; (they harm) इह (iha) - here; भूतानि (bhūtāni) - beings; क्रियमाणानि (kriyamāṇāni) - being performed; सर्वदा (sarvadā) - always;]
(Which actions righteous in this world, O best of twice-born, do not injure here beings being performed always?)
O best of the twice-born, which actions in this world are righteous and, when performed, never harm any beings at any time?
पराशर उवाच॥
parāśara uvāca॥
[पराशर (parāśara) - Parāśara; (a sage's name); उवाच (uvāca) - said;]
(Parāśara said;)
Parāśara said.
शृणु मेऽत्र महाराज यन्मां त्वं परिपृच्छसि। यानि कर्माण्यहिंस्राणि नरं त्रायन्ति सर्वदा ॥१२-२८५-३६॥
śṛṇu me'tra mahārāja yan māṃ tvaṃ paripṛcchasi। yāni karmāṇy ahiṃsrāṇi naraṃ trāyanti sarvadā ॥12-285-36॥
[शृणु (śṛṇu) - hear; (imperative of √śru) मे (me) - to me; अत्र (atra) - here; महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king; यत् (yat) - which; माम् (mām) - me; त्वम् (tvam) - you; परिपृच्छसि (paripṛcchasi) - ask thoroughly; यानि (yāni) - which (plural, neuter); कर्माणि (karmāṇi) - actions; अहिंस्राणि (ahiṃsrāṇi) - non-violent; नरम् (naram) - man; त्रायन्ति (trāyanti) - protect; सर्वदा (sarvadā) - always;]
(Hear from me here, O great king, that which you ask me; which actions, non-violent, always protect a man.)
O great king, listen to me here as you ask; those non-violent actions which always protect a man.
संन्यस्याग्नीनुपासीनाः पश्यन्ति विगतज्वराः। नैःश्रेयसं धर्मपथं समारुह्य यथाक्रमम् ॥१२-२८५-३७॥
saṃnyasyāgnīnupāsīnāḥ paśyanti vigatajvarāḥ। naiḥśreyasaṃ dharmapathaṃ samāruhya yathākramam ॥12-285-37॥
[संन्यस्य (saṃnyasya) - having renounced; अग्नीन् (agnīn) - fires (ritual fires); उपासीनाः (upāsīnāḥ) - seated near; पश्यन्ति (paśyanti) - they see; विगतज्वराः (vigatajvarāḥ) - free from fever (distress); नैःश्रेयसं (naiḥśreyasaṃ) - the highest good; धर्मपथं (dharmapathaṃ) - the path of dharma; समारुह्य (samāruhya) - having ascended; यथाक्रमम् (yathākramam) - in due order;]
(Having renounced the fires, seated near (in contemplation), those free from distress see the highest good, having ascended the path of dharma in due order.)
Having renounced ritual fires, and seated in contemplation, those who are free from distress perceive the highest good, having ascended the path of dharma step by step.
प्रश्रिता विनयोपेता दमनित्याः सुसंशिताः। प्रयान्ति स्थानमजरं सर्वकर्मविवर्जिताः ॥१२-२८५-३८॥
praśritā vinayopetā damanityāḥ susaṃśitāḥ। prayānti sthānamajaraṃ sarvakarmavivarjitāḥ ॥12-285-38॥
[प्रश्रिता (praśritā) - humble; विनयोपेता (vinayopetā) - endowed with modesty; दमनित्याः (damanityāḥ) - always self-controlled; सुसंशिताः (susaṃśitāḥ) - well-disciplined; प्रयान्ति (prayānti) - go; स्थानम् (sthānam) - place; अजरम् (ajaram) - imperishable; सर्वकर्मविवर्जिताः (sarvakarmavivarjitāḥ) - devoid of all actions;]
(Humble, endowed with modesty, always self-controlled, well-disciplined, go to the imperishable place, devoid of all actions.)
Those who are humble, endowed with modesty, always self-controlled, and well-disciplined reach the imperishable state, free from all actions.
सर्वे वर्णा धर्मकार्याणि सम्य; क्कृत्वा राजन्सत्यवाक्यानि चोक्त्वा। त्यक्त्वाधर्मं दारुणं जीवलोके; यान्ति स्वर्गं नात्र कार्यो विचारः ॥१२-२८५-३९॥
sarve varṇā dharmakāryāṇi samyak kṛtvā rājan satyavākyāni coktvā। tyaktvā adharmaṃ dāruṇaṃ jīvaloke yānti svargaṃ na atra kāryaḥ vicāraḥ॥12-285-39॥
[सर्वे (sarve) - all; वर्णाः (varṇāḥ) - classes; धर्मकार्याणि (dharmakāryāṇi) - righteous acts; सम्यक् (samyak) - properly; कृत्वा (kṛtvā) - having done; राजन् (rājan) - O king; सत्यवाक्यानि (satyavākyāni) - truthful words; च (ca) - and; उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having spoken; त्यक्त्वा (tyaktvā) - having abandoned; अधर्मम् (adharmam) - unrighteousness; दारुणम् (dāruṇam) - cruel; जीवलोके (jīvaloke) - in the world of the living; यान्ति (yānti) - they go; स्वर्गम् (svargam) - to heaven; न (na) - not; अत्र (atra) - here; कार्यः (kāryaḥ) - need; विचारः (vicāraḥ) - consideration;]
(All classes, having properly performed righteous acts, O king, and having spoken truthful words, having abandoned cruel unrighteousness in the world of the living, go to heaven; here there is no need for consideration.)
O king, all classes who properly perform righteous acts and speak truthful words, abandoning cruel unrighteousness in this world, go to heaven; there is no need for further deliberation here.
