14.037
ब्रह्मोवाच॥
brahmovāca॥
[ब्रह्मा (brahmā) - the god Brahma; उवाच (uvāca) - said;]
(Brahma said;)
Brahma said.
रजोऽहं वः प्रवक्ष्यामि याथातथ्येन सत्तमाः। निबोधत महाभागा गुणवृत्तं च सर्वशः ॥१४-३७-१॥
rajo'haṃ vaḥ pravakṣyāmi yāthātathyena sattamāḥ। nibodhata mahābhāgā guṇavṛttaṃ ca sarvaśaḥ॥14-37-1॥
[रजः (rajaḥ) - passion; (the quality of rajas;) अहं (ahaṃ) - I; (pronoun, first person singular;) वः (vaḥ) - to you; (dative/ablative/genitive plural of yuṣmad;) प्रवक्ष्यामि (pravakṣyāmi) - I shall explain; (future of pra-√vac;) याथातथ्येन (yāthātathyena) - as it truly is; (instrumental singular of yāthātathya;) सत्तमाः (sattamāḥ) - O best among beings; (vocative plural of sattama;) निबोधत (nibodhata) - know; (second person plural imperative of ni-√budh;) महाभागाः (mahābhāgāḥ) - O highly fortunate ones; (vocative plural of mahābhāga;) गुणवृत्तम् (guṇavṛttam) - the function (or activity) of the guṇa; (accusative singular of guṇa-vṛtta;) च (ca) - and; सर्वशः (sarvaśaḥ) - entirely; (adverb;);]
(Passion I to you shall explain as it truly is, O best among beings. Know, O highly fortunate ones, the function of the guṇa, and entirely.)
O best among beings, I shall explain to you the nature of rajas as it truly is; O highly fortunate ones, know fully the function of the guṇa. (14-37-1)
सङ्घातो रूपमायासः सुखदुःखे हिमातपौ। ऐश्वर्यं विग्रहः सन्धिर्हेतुवादोऽरतिः क्षमा ॥१४-३७-२॥
saṅghāto rūpam-āyāsaḥ sukha-duḥkhe hima-ātapau। aiśvaryaṃ vigrahaḥ sandhiḥ hetu-vādo’ratiḥ kṣamā ॥14-37-2॥
[सङ्घातः (saṅghātaḥ) - aggregate; रूपम् (rūpam) - form; आयासः (āyāsaḥ) - effort; सुखदुःखे (sukha-duḥkhe) - pleasure and pain; हिमातपौ (hima-ātapau) - cold and heat; ऐश्वर्यम् (aiśvaryam) - sovereignty; विग्रहः (vigrahaḥ) - conflict; सन्धिः (sandhiḥ) - union; हेत्वादः (hetu-vādaḥ) - argument about cause; अरतिः (aratiḥ) - displeasure; क्षमा (kṣamā) - forbearance;]
(Aggregate, form, effort, pleasure and pain, cold and heat, sovereignty, conflict, union, argument about cause, displeasure, forbearance.)
Aggregate, form, effort, pleasure and pain, cold and heat, sovereignty, conflict, union, reasoning about cause, displeasure, forgiveness. (14-37-2)
बलं शौर्यं मदो रोषो व्यायामकलहावपि। ईर्ष्येप्सा पैशुनं युद्धं ममत्वं परिपालनम् ॥१४-३७-३॥
balaṁ śauryaṁ mado roṣo vyāyāmakalahāv api। īrṣyepsā paiśunaṁ yuddhaṁ mamatvaṁ paripālanam ॥14-37-3॥
[बलम् (balaṁ) - strength; शौर्यम् (śauryaṁ) - valor; मदः (madaḥ) - pride; रोषः (roṣaḥ) - anger; व्यायाम (vyāyāma) - physical exertion; कलहः (kalahaḥ) - quarrel; अपि (api) - also; ईर्ष्या-इप्सा (īrṣyepsā) - envy-desiring; पैशुनम् (paiśunam) - maliciousness; युद्धम् (yuddham) - battle; ममत्वम् (mamatvam) - the sense of mine; परिपालनम् (paripālanam) - protection;]
(Strength, valor, pride, anger, physical exertion, quarrel also, desire for envy, maliciousness, battle, the sense of mine, protection.)
Strength, valor, pride, anger, physical exertion, quarrel, envy, desire, maliciousness, battle, the sense of mine, and protection. (14-37-3)
वधबन्धपरिक्लेशाः क्रयो विक्रय एव च। निकृन्त छिन्धि भिन्धीति परमर्मावकर्तनम् ॥१४-३७-४॥
vadhabandhaparikleśāḥ krayo vikraya eva ca। nikṛnta chindhi bhindhīti paramarmāvakartanam ॥14-37-4॥
[वध (vadha) - killing; बन्ध (bandha) - binding; परिक्लेशाः (parikleśāḥ) - severe afflictions; क्रयः (krayaḥ) - purchase; विक्रयः (vikrayaḥ) - sale; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; निकृन्त (nikṛnta) - cut off; छिन्धि (chindhi) - split; भिन्धि (bhindhi) - break; इति (iti) - thus; परमर्मावकर्तनम् (paramarmāvakartanam) - cutting the vital organs;]
(Killing, binding, severe afflictions, purchase, sale indeed and; 'cut off', 'split', 'break'—thus, the cutting of the vital organs.)
Killing, binding, severe afflictions, buying, and selling, as well as the commands 'cut off', 'split', 'break': all these constitute an injury to the vital organs. (14-37-4)
उग्रं दारुणमाक्रोशः परवित्तानुशासनम्। लोकचिन्ता विचिन्ता च मत्सरः परिभाषणम् ॥१४-३७-५॥
ugraṃ dāruṇamākrośaḥ paravittānuśāsanam। lokacintā vicintā ca matsaraḥ paribhāṣaṇam ॥14-37-5॥
[उग्रं (ugram) - fierce; दारुणम् (dāruṇam) - cruel; आक्रोशः (ākrośaḥ) - shouting; परवित्त (paravitta) - others’ wealth; अनुशासनम् (anuśāsanam) - chastisement; लोकचिन्ता (lokacintā) - worldly anxiety; विचिन्ता (vicintā) - excessive pondering; च (ca) - and; मत्सरः (matsaraḥ) - envy; परिभाषणम् (paribhāṣaṇam) - censure;]
(Fierce, cruel, shouting, chastisement concerning others’ wealth, worldly anxiety, excessive pondering and envy, censure.)
Fierceness, cruelty, loud abuse, reprimanding regarding others' wealth, worrying about the world, overthinking, envy, and speaking ill are described here. (14-37-5)
मृषावादो मृषादानं विकल्पः परिभाषणम्। निन्दा स्तुतिः प्रशंसा च प्रतापः परितर्पणम् ॥१४-३७-६॥
mṛṣāvādo mṛṣādānaṃ vikalpaḥ paribhāṣaṇam। nindā stutiḥ praśaṃsā ca pratāpaḥ paritarpaṇam॥14-37-6॥
[मृषावादः (mṛṣāvādaḥ) - false statement; मृषादानम् (mṛṣādānam) - false giving; विकल्पः (vikalpaḥ) - option; परिभाषणम् (paribhāṣaṇam) - definition; निन्दा (nindā) - reproach; स्तुतिः (stutiḥ) - praise; प्रशंसा (praśaṃsā) - commendation; च (ca) - and; प्रतापः (pratāpaḥ) - valor; परितर्पणम् (paritarpaṇam) - satisfying completely;]
(False statement, false giving, option, definition, reproach, praise, commendation and valor, complete satisfying (are mentioned).)
False statement, false giving, option, definition, reproach, praise, commendation and valor, and complete satisfaction (are described here). (14-37-6)
परिचर्या च शुश्रूषा सेवा तृष्णा व्यपाश्रयः। व्यूहोऽनयः प्रमादश्च परितापः परिग्रहः ॥१४-३७-७॥
paricaryā ca śuśrūṣā sevā tṛṣṇā vyapāśrayaḥ। vyūho'nayaḥ pramādaś ca paritāpaḥ parigrahaḥ॥14-37-7॥
[परिचर्या (paricaryā) - attendance; service; च (ca) - and; शुश्रूषा (śuśrūṣā) - obedience; सेवा (sevā) - servitude; service; तृष्णा (tṛṣṇā) - desire; thirst; व्यपाश्रयः (vyapāśrayaḥ) - dependence; व्यूहः (vyūhaḥ) - arrangement; disposition; अनयः (anayaḥ) - impropriety; misconduct; प्रमादः (pramādaḥ) - negligence; च (ca) - and; परितापः (paritāpaḥ) - remorse; grief; परिग्रहः (parigrahaḥ) - possession; acceptance;]
(Attendance and obedience, servitude, desire, dependence, arrangement, impropriety, negligence and remorse, possession.)
Attendance, obedience, servitude, desire, dependence, arrangement, misconduct, negligence, remorse, and possession. (14-37-7)
संस्कारा ये च लोकेऽस्मिन्प्रवर्तन्ते पृथक्पृथक्। नृषु नारीषु भूतेषु द्रव्येषु शरणेषु च ॥१४-३७-८॥
saṁskārā ye ca loke'smin pravartante pṛthak pṛthak। nṛṣu nārīṣu bhūteṣu dravyeṣu śaraṇeṣu ca ॥14-37-8॥
[संस्कारा (saṁskārāḥ) - impressions; ये (ye) - which; च (ca) - and; लोके (loke) - in the world; अस्मिन् (asmin) - in this; प्रवर्तन्ते (pravartante) - operate; पृथक् पृथक् (pṛthak pṛthak) - separately; नृषु (nṛṣu) - among men; नारीषु (nārīṣu) - among women; भूतेषु (bhūteṣu) - among beings; द्रव्येषु (dravyeṣu) - among objects; शरणेषु (śaraṇeṣu) - among refuges; च (ca) - and;]
(Impressions which and in the world in this operate separately, among men, among women, among beings, among objects, and among refuges.)
The impressions which operate individually in this world—in men, in women, in beings, in objects, and in refuges.
सन्तापोऽप्रत्ययश्चैव व्रतानि नियमाश्च ये। प्रदानमाशीर्युक्तं च सततं मे भवत्विति ॥१४-३७-९॥
santāpo'pratyayaścaiva vratāni niyamāśca ye. pradānamāśīryuktaṃ ca satataṃ me bhavatviti॥14-37-9॥
[सन्तापः (santāpaḥ) - austerity; अप्रत्ययः (apratyayaḥ) - lack of expectation; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; व्रतानि (vratāni) - vows; नियमाः (niyamāḥ) - observances; च (ca) - and; ये (ye) - which; प्रदानम् (pradānam) - gift; आशीःयुक्तम् (āśīḥ-yuktam) - accompanied by blessing; च (ca) - and; सततम् (satatam) - constantly; मे (me) - for me; भवतु (bhavatu) - may it be; इति (iti) - thus;]
(Austerity, lack of expectation, and indeed, the vows, observances which; gift accompanied by blessing, and constantly for me may it be—thus.)
May austerity, freedom from expectation, vows and observances, and gifts accompanied by blessings always be present for me. (14-37-9)
स्वधाकारो नमस्कारः स्वाहाकारो वषट्क्रिया। याजनाध्यापने चोभे तथैवाहुः परिग्रहम् ॥१४-३७-१०॥
svadhākāro namaskāraḥ svāhākāro vaṣaṭkriyā। yājanādhyāpane cobhe tathaivāhuḥ parigraham ॥14-37-10॥
[स्वधाकारः (svadhākāraḥ) - he who utters the svadhā-formula; नमस्कारः (namaskāraḥ) - obeisance; स्वाहाकारः (svāhākāraḥ) - he who utters the svāhā-formula; वषट्क्रिया (vaṣaṭkriyā) - the act of uttering vaṣaṭ; याजन (yājana) - performing (a sacrifice for another); अध्यापने (adhyāpane) - in teaching (the Vedas); च (ca) - and; उभे (ubhe) - both; तथैव (tathaiva) - in the same way; आहुः (āhuḥ) - (they) say; परिग्रहम् (parigraham) - acceptance (of gifts);]
(He who utters the svadhā-formula (is) obeisance; he who utters the svāhā-formula (is) the act of uttering vaṣaṭ; both performing sacrifice for another and teaching (the Vedas), in the same way, (they) say (are) acceptance (of gifts).)
The utterance of svadhā is considered as obeisance; the utterance of svāhā is regarded as the act of vaṣaṭ; both performing sacrifice for others and teaching the Vedas, in the same way, are said to be forms of accepting gifts. (14-37-10)
इदं मे स्यादिदं मे स्यात्स्नेहो गुणसमुद्भवः। अभिद्रोहस्तथा माया निकृतिर्मान एव च ॥१४-३७-११॥
idaṃ me syād idaṃ me syāt snehaḥ guṇasamudbhavaḥ। abhidrohas tathā māyā nikṛtir māna eva ca॥14-37-11॥
[इदं (idaṃ) - this; मे (me) - to me; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; इदं (idaṃ) - this; मे (me) - to me; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; स्नेहः (snehaḥ) - attachment; गुणसमुद्भवः (guṇasamudbhavaḥ) - arising from the guṇas; अभिद्रोहः (abhidrohaḥ) - enmity; तथा (tathā) - and so; माया (māyā) - deceit; निकृतिः (nikṛtiḥ) - fraud; मानः (mānaḥ) - pride; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and;]
(This may be mine, this may be mine, attachment arising from the guṇas; enmity and also deceit, fraud, and indeed pride too.)
The thought, "This may be mine, this may be mine," and attachment spring from the guṇas; enmity, as well as deceit, fraud, and also pride, (all these arise thus). (14-37-11)
स्तैन्यं हिंसा परीवादः परितापः प्रजागरः। स्तम्भो दम्भोऽथ रागश्च भक्तिः प्रीतिः प्रमोदनम् ॥१४-३७-१२॥
stainyaṁ hiṁsā parīvādaḥ paritāpaḥ prajāgaraḥ | stambho dambho'tha rāgaś ca bhaktiḥ prītiḥ pramodanam ॥14-37-12॥
[स्तैन्यं (stainyaṁ) - theft; हिंसा (hiṁsā) - injury; परीवादः (parīvādaḥ) - slander; परितापः (paritāpaḥ) - remorse; प्रजागरः (prajāgaraḥ) - wakefulness; स्तम्भः (stambhaḥ) - stupor; दम्भः (dambhaḥ) - hypocrisy; अथ (atha) - and; रागः (rāgaḥ) - passion; च (ca) - and; भक्तिः (bhaktiḥ) - devotion; प्रीतिः (prītiḥ) - affection; प्रमोदनम् (pramodanam) - delight;]
(Theft, injury, slander, remorse, wakefulness; stupor, hypocrisy, and passion, and devotion, affection, delight.)
Theft, violence, slander, remorse, sleeplessness, numbness, hypocrisy, passion, devotion, affection, and delight. (14-37-12)
द्यूतं च जनवादश्च सम्बन्धाः स्त्रीकृताश्च ये। नृत्तवादित्रगीतानि प्रसङ्गा ये च केचन ॥ सर्व एते गुणा विप्रा राजसाः सम्प्रकीर्तिताः ॥१४-३७-१३॥
dyūtaṃ ca janavādaś ca sambandhāḥ strīkṛtāś ca ye। nṛttavāditragītāni prasaṅgā ye ca kecana॥ sarva ete guṇā viprā rājasāḥ samprakīrtitāḥ॥14-37-13॥
[द्यूतं (dyūtam) - gambling; च (ca) - and; जनवादः (janavādaḥ) - public gossip; च (ca) - and; सम्बन्धाः (sambandhāḥ) - relationships; स्त्रीकृताः (strīkṛtāḥ) - actions (done) by women; च (ca) - and; ये (ye) - which; नृत्तवादित्रगीतानि (nṛttavāditragītāni) - dance, instrument (music), and songs; प्रसङ्गाः (prasaṅgāḥ) - attachments; ये (ye) - which; च (ca) - and; केचन (kecana) - whatever; सर्व (sarva) - all; एते (ete) - these; गुणाः (guṇāḥ) - qualities; विप्राः (viprāḥ) - O brāhmaṇas; राजसाः (rājasāḥ) - born of rajas (the quality of passion); सम्प्रकीर्तिताः (samprakīrtitāḥ) - are declared; १४-३७-१३ (14-37-13) - (14-37-13);]
(Gambling and public gossip, relationships, actions by women, dance, instrument music, and songs, attachments, and whatever (else)—all these qualities, O brāhmaṇas, are declared to be born of rajas (passion). (14-37-13))
Gambling, public gossip, relationships, women's pursuits, dance, music, song, and various attachments—O brāhmaṇas, all these are said to be qualities arising from the mode of passion. (14-37-13)
भूतभव्यभविष्याणां भावानां भुवि भावनाः। त्रिवर्गनिरता नित्यं धर्मोऽर्थः काम इत्यपि ॥१४-३७-१४॥
bhūtabhavyabhaviṣyāṇāṃ bhāvānāṃ bhuvi bhāvanāḥ। trivarganiratā nityaṃ dharmo'rthaḥ kāma ityapi ॥14-37-14॥
[भूतभव्यभविष्याणां (bhūtabhavyabhaviṣyāṇām) - of past, present, and future (things); भावानां (bhāvānām) - of phenomena; of existences; भुवि (bhuvi) - in the world; भावनाः (bhāvanāḥ) - meditations; contemplations; thoughts; त्रिवर्गनिरता (trivarganiratā) - engaged in the three goals (virtue, wealth, desire); नित्यं (nityaṃ) - constantly; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - virtue; righteousness; अर्थः (arthaḥ) - wealth; means; कामः (kāmaḥ) - desire; इति (iti) - thus; अपि (api) - also;]
(Of the past, present, and future phenomena in the world, meditations (are made). Constantly engaged in the three aims—virtue (dharma), wealth (artha), and desire (kāma)—thus also.)
In the world, meditations are performed on events of the past, present, and future; always devoted to the three aims—dharma, artha, and kāma—thus as well. (14-37-14)
कामवृत्ताः प्रमोदन्ते सर्वकामसमृद्धिभिः। अर्वाक्स्रोतस इत्येते तैजसा रजसावृताः ॥१४-३७-१५॥
kāmavṛttāḥ pramodante sarvakāmasamṛddhibhiḥ। arvāksrotasa itye te taijasā rajasāvṛtāḥ॥14-37-15॥
[कामवृत्ताः (kāmavṛttāḥ) - dwelling in desire; desire-motivated; प्रमोदन्ते (pramodante) - they rejoice; सर्वकामसमृद्धिभिः (sarvakāmasamṛddhibhiḥ) - by all fulfillment of desires; अर्वाक्स्रोतसः (arvāksrotasaḥ) - of downward current; इति (iti) - thus; एते (ete) - these; तैजसाः (taijasāḥ) - formed of tejas; रजसा (rajasā) - by rajas; आवृताः (āvṛtāḥ) - enveloped;]
(Desire-motivated they rejoice by all fulfillment of desires. Of downward current thus, these formed of tejas are enveloped by rajas. (14-37-15))
Those governed by desire rejoice in the fulfillment of every desire. These, called 'arvāksrotas' (with downward-flowing current), are tejas-constituted and enveloped by rajas. (14-37-15)
अस्मिँल्लोके प्रमोदन्ते जायमानाः पुनः पुनः। प्रेत्यभाविकमीहन्त इह लौकिकमेव च ॥ ददति प्रतिगृह्णन्ति जपन्त्यथ च जुह्वति ॥१४-३७-१६॥
asmiñloke pramodante jāyamānāḥ punaḥ punaḥ। pretyabhāvikam īhanta iha laukikam eva ca॥ dadati pratigṛhṇanti japanty atha ca juhvati॥14-37-16॥
[अस्मिञ् लोके (asmiñ loke) - in this world; प्रमोदन्ते (pramodante) - they rejoice; जायमानाः (jāyamānāḥ) - being born; पुनः पुनः (punaḥ punaḥ) - again and again; प्रेत्यभाविकम् (pretyabhāvikam) - related to the state after death; ईहन्त (īhanta) - they desire; इह (iha) - here; लौकिकम् एव च (laukikam eva ca) - and indeed worldly also; ददति (dadati) - they give; प्रतिगृह्णन्ति (pratigṛhṇanti) - they receive; जपन्ति (japanti) - they mutter (recite); अथ च (atha ca) - and furthermore; जुह्वति (juhvati) - they make offerings (in fire);]
(In this world, they rejoice being born again and again. They desire (things) relating to the state after death, here and also only worldly (things). They give, they receive, they mutter (recitations), and furthermore, they make offerings (in fire). (14-37-16))
People in this world rejoice in being born repeatedly; they desire both what comes after death and worldly things here. They give and receive, recite (mantras), and also perform offerings. (14-37-16)
रजोगुणा वो बहुधानुकीर्तिता; यथावदुक्तं गुणवृत्तमेव च। नरो हि यो वेद गुणानिमान्सदा; स राजसैः सर्वगुणैर्विमुच्यते ॥१४-३७-१७॥
rajoguṇā vo bahudhā nukīrtitā; yathāvad uktaṁ guṇavṛttam eva ca। naro hi yo veda guṇān imān sadā; sa rājasaiḥ sarvaguṇair vimucyate ॥14-37-17॥
[रजोगुणा (rajoguṇā) - rajas qualities; वः (vaḥ) - to you; बहुधा (bahudhā) - in many ways; अनुकीर्तिता (anukīrtitā) - have been repeatedly described; यथावत् (yathāvat) - as is proper; उक्तं (uktaṁ) - spoken; गुणवृत्तम् (guṇavṛttam) - qualities and actions; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; नरः (naraḥ) - man; हि (hi) - indeed; यः (yaḥ) - who; वेद (veda) - knows; गुणान् (guṇān) - qualities; इमान् (imān) - these; सदा (sadā) - always; सः (saḥ) - he; राजसैः (rājasaiḥ) - by rajas (active) qualities; सर्वगुणैः (sarvaguṇaiḥ) - by all qualities; विमुच्यते (vimucyate) - is freed;]
(Rajas qualities to you in many ways have been described; as proper spoken qualities and actions indeed and. Man indeed who knows these qualities always; he by rajas (active) qualities by all qualities is freed.)
The qualities of rajas have been described to you in many ways; as appropriate, their qualities and actions have also been stated. Indeed, the man who always knows these qualities is freed from all qualities of rajas. (14-37-17)
