8.1 Summary

Knowledge of items other than the Ātmā and the mind are produced due to cognition of generality and particularity, which are absent in themselves. Similarly the qualities and actions of the substances that are in contact are the cause for the production of knowledge. Inherence and cognition arises from intellect - these two are related by cause and effect. The causes work on substances and not elsewhere. The order of cognition is not disrupted, due to absence of a causal connection, and also because there is no destruction of the effect.

Knowledge regarding substances has been explained. There, the Ātmā and the mind are not directly perceivable. In the context of describing knowledge, the method of its production is stated. The qualities and actions of the substances that are in contact are the cause for the production of knowledge. Among the sāmānya, i.e. generality, and viśeṣa, i.e. particularity, due to the absence of their generality (in particularity) and particularity (in generality), from that alone, knowledge arises. Substance, quality, and action are considered with reference to sāmānya, i.e. generality, and viśeṣa, i.e. particularity. In a substance, there are dependencies on (constituent) substance, quality, and action. Because qualities and actions are absent in qualities and actions, the standpoint of qualities and actions does not exist. Inherence arises from whiteness; cognition of whiteness arises from intellect, such as recognition of the white object — these two are in the relation of effect and cause. These causes are present in substances, not elsewhere. Due to absence of a causal connection and due to the causal sequence, the order of cognitions like pot and cloth is not disrupted, because there is no destruction of the result / effect.