8.2 Summary

Cognition with expectation results in 'becoming', thus results in observation. When such expectation is absent, because of not-becoming, the object is not observed. Thus the substance itself does not possess the fivefold nature. It is only because of the predominance of one of the distinctions earth, water, fire, and air are said to be cognized by smell, taste, form, and touch.

“This one has been done by you, feed him” — such cognitions are with expectation. Because of becoming in the observed ones, and because of not becoming in the unobserved ones. Thus the “Object”, i.e. that which is sought, is because of substances, qualities, and actions. The doctrine that "substances" are of a fivefold nature is rejected. Because of its predominance and possession of smell, earth is the substratum for the cognition of smell. Likewise, water, fire, and air are the basis of knowledge of taste, form, and touch due to their distinction.