12.159
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhīṣma; (name of a person); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac' - to speak);]
(Bhīṣma said;)
Bhīṣma said.
कृतार्थो यक्ष्यमाणश्च सर्ववेदान्तगश्च यः। आचार्यपितृभार्यार्थं स्वाध्यायार्थमथापि वा ॥१२-१५९-१॥
kṛtārtho yakṣyamāṇaś ca sarvavedāntagāś ca yaḥ। ācāryapitṛbhāryārthaṃ svādhyāyārtham athāpi vā॥12-159-1॥
[कृतार्थः (kṛtārthaḥ) - one who has accomplished the purpose; यक्ष्यमाणः (yakṣyamāṇaḥ) - one who is about to perform a sacrifice; च (ca) - and; सर्ववेदान्तगः (sarvavedāntagaḥ) - one who has mastered all Vedāntas; च (ca) - and; यः (yaḥ) - who; आचार्यपितृभार्यार्थम् (ācāryapitṛbhāryārtham) - for the sake of teacher, father, wife; स्वाध्यायार्थम् (svādhyāyārtham) - for the sake of self-study; अथ (atha) - or; अपि (api) - even; वा (vā) - or;]
(One who has accomplished the purpose, who is about to perform a sacrifice, who has mastered all Vedāntas, who, for the sake of teacher, father, wife, or for the sake of self-study, or even otherwise.)
One who has fulfilled his purpose, is about to perform a sacrifice, has mastered all Vedāntas, and who acts for the sake of his teacher, father, wife, or for self-study, or even otherwise.
एते वै साधवो दृष्टा ब्राह्मणा धर्मभिक्षवः। अस्वेभ्यो देयमेतेभ्यो दानं विद्याविशेषतः ॥१२-१५९-२॥
ete vai sādhavo dṛṣṭā brāhmaṇā dharmabhikṣavaḥ। asvebhyo deyam etebhyo dānaṃ vidyā-viśeṣataḥ ॥12-159-2॥
[एते (ete) - these; वै (vai) - indeed; साधवः (sādhavaḥ) - virtuous ones; दृष्टाः (dṛṣṭāḥ) - regarded as; ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brāhmaṇas; धर्मभिक्षवः (dharmabhikṣavaḥ) - beggars for dharma; अस्वेभ्यः (asvebhyaḥ) - to those unworthy; देयम् (deyam) - should be given; एतेभ्यः (etebhyaḥ) - to these; दानम् (dānam) - gift; विद्याविशेषतः (vidyā-viśeṣataḥ) - especially of knowledge;]
(These indeed are regarded as virtuous, Brāhmaṇas, beggars for dharma. To those unworthy, it should not be given; to these, the gift, especially of knowledge.)
These are truly considered virtuous Brāhmaṇas, beggars for dharma. Gifts, especially of knowledge, should not be given to the unworthy, but to these.
अन्यत्र दक्षिणा या तु देया भरतसत्तम। अन्येभ्यो हि बहिर्वेद्यां नाकृतान्नं विधीयते ॥१२-१५९-३॥
anyatra dakṣiṇā yā tu deyā bharatasattama। anyebhyo hi bahirvedyāṃ nākṛtānnaṃ vidhīyate ॥12-159-3॥
[अन्यत्र (anyatra) - elsewhere; दक्षिणा (dakṣiṇā) - offering; या (yā) - which; तु (tu) - but; देया (deyā) - should be given; भरतसत्तम (bharatasattama) - O best of the Bharatas; अन्येभ्यः (anyebhyaḥ) - to others; हि (hi) - indeed; बहिः (bahiḥ) - outside; वेद्याम् (vedyām) - on the altar; न (na) - not; अकृतान्नम् (akṛtānnam) - uncooked food; विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is prescribed;]
(Elsewhere, the offering which should be given, O best of the Bharatas, to others indeed, outside on the altar, uncooked food is not prescribed.)
O best of the Bharatas, elsewhere, the offering that should be given to others is not prescribed as uncooked food outside the altar.
सर्वरत्नानि राजा च यथार्हं प्रतिपादयेत्। ब्राह्मणाश्चैव यज्ञाश्च सहान्नाः सहदक्षिणाः ॥१२-१५९-४॥
sarvaratnāni rājā ca yathārhaṃ pratipādayet। brāhmaṇāścaiva yajñāśca sahānnāḥ sahadakṣiṇāḥ ॥12-159-4॥
[सर्वरत्नानि (sarva-ratnāni) - all jewels; राजा (rājā) - king; च (ca) - and; यथार्हं (yathārham) - as is proper; प्रतिपादयेत् (pratipādayet) - should bestow; ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brāhmaṇas; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; यज्ञाः (yajñāḥ) - sacrifices; च (ca) - and; सहान्नाः (sahānnāḥ) - with food; सहदक्षिणाः (sahadakṣiṇāḥ) - with gifts;]
(The king should bestow all jewels as is proper. And Brāhmaṇas and sacrifices with food and with gifts.)
The king should appropriately distribute all kinds of jewels. Brāhmaṇas, as well as sacrifices accompanied by food and gifts, should also be provided for.
यस्य त्रैवार्षिकं भक्तं पर्याप्तं भृत्यवृत्तये। अधिकं वापि विद्येत स सोमं पातुमर्हति ॥१२-१५९-५॥
yasya traivārṣikaṃ bhaktaṃ paryāptaṃ bhṛtyavṛttaye। adhikaṃ vāpi vidyeta sa somaṃ pātumarhati॥12-159-5॥
[यस्य (yasya) - of whom; त्रैवार्षिकं (traivārṣikam) - for three years; भक्तं (bhaktam) - food; पर्याप्तं (paryāptam) - sufficient; भृत्यवृत्तये (bhṛtyavṛttaye) - for the maintenance of servants; अधिकं (adhikam) - more; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - even; विद्येत (vidyeta) - is available; सः (saḥ) - he; सोमं (somaṃ) - Soma (ritual drink); पातुम् (pātum) - to drink; अर्हति (arhati) - is worthy;]
(Of whom food for three years, sufficient for the maintenance of servants, or even more, is available, he is worthy to drink Soma.)
He who has food sufficient for three years for the maintenance of his servants, or even more, is eligible to drink Soma.
यज्ञश्चेत्प्रतिविद्धः स्यादङ्गेनैकेन यज्वनः। ब्राह्मणस्य विशेषेण धार्मिके सति राजनि ॥१२-१५९-६॥
yajñaś cet pratividdhaḥ syād aṅgenaikena yajvanaḥ। brāhmaṇasya viśeṣeṇa dhārmike sati rājani॥12-159-6॥
[यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - sacrifice; चेत् (cet) - if; प्रतिविद्धः (pratividdhaḥ) - obstructed; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; अङ्गेन (aṅgena) - by a limb; एकेन (ekena) - by one; यज्वनः (yajvanaḥ) - of the sacrificer; ब्राह्मणस्य (brāhmaṇasya) - of the Brāhmaṇa; विशेषेण (viśeṣeṇa) - especially; धार्मिके (dhārmike) - righteous; सति (sati) - when there is; राजनि (rājani) - king;]
(If the sacrifice of the sacrificer is obstructed by one limb, especially of the Brāhmaṇa, when there is a righteous king.)
If the sacrifice of the sacrificer is obstructed in any part, especially that of a Brāhmaṇa, when there is a righteous king.
यो वैश्यः स्याद्बहुपशुर्हीनक्रतुरसोमपः। कुटुम्बात्तस्य तद्द्रव्यं यज्ञार्थं पार्थिवो हरेत् ॥१२-१५९-७॥
yo vaiśyaḥ syād-bahu-paśuḥ hīna-kratuḥ a-somapāḥ। kuṭumbāt tasya tat dravyaṃ yajñārthaṃ pārthivo haret ॥12-159-7॥
[यः (yaḥ) - who; वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - a Vaiśya; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; बहुपशुः (bahu-paśuḥ) - having many cattle; हीनक्रतुः (hīna-kratuḥ) - devoid of sacrifices; असोमपः (a-somapāḥ) - not a drinker of Soma; कुटुम्बात् (kuṭumbāt) - from the family; तस्य (tasya) - his; तत् (tat) - that; द्रव्यं (dravyaṃ) - wealth; यज्ञार्थं (yajñārtham) - for the purpose of sacrifice; पार्थिवः (pārthivaḥ) - the king; हरेत् (haret) - should take;]
(Whoever is a Vaiśya, may be having many cattle, devoid of sacrifices, not a drinker of Soma, from his family, that wealth for the purpose of sacrifice, the king should take.)
If a Vaiśya, though possessing many cattle, does not perform sacrifices and does not drink Soma, the king should take from his family that wealth for the purpose of sacrifice.
आहरेद्वेश्मतः किञ्चित्कामं शूद्रस्य द्रव्यतः। न हि वेश्मनि शूद्रस्य कश्चिदस्ति परिग्रहः ॥१२-१५९-८॥
āhared veśmataḥ kiñcit kāmaṃ śūdrasya dravyataḥ। na hi veśmani śūdrasya kaścid asti parigrahaḥ॥12-159-8॥
[आहरेत् (āharet) - should take; (from root hṛ, to take) वेश्मतः (veśmataḥ) - from the house; (ablative of veśman, house;) किञ्चित् (kiñcit) - something; (a little;) कामं (kāmaṃ) - as desired; (optionally;) शूद्रस्य (śūdrasya) - of the Śūdra; (genitive;) द्रव्यतः (dravyataḥ) - from the wealth; (ablative of dravya, wealth;) न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; वेश्मनि (veśmani) - in the house; (locative of veśman, house;) शूद्रस्य (śūdrasya) - of the Śūdra; (genitive;) कश्चित् (kaścit) - anyone; अस्ति (asti) - is; परिग्रहः (parigrahaḥ) - possession; (acceptance, property;]
(One should take something as desired from the house or wealth of the Śūdra; for indeed, in the house of the Śūdra, there is no possession belonging to anyone.)
One may take something as desired from the house or wealth of a Śūdra, for in the house of a Śūdra, there is considered to be no personal property belonging to anyone.
योऽनाहिताग्निः शतगुरयज्वा च सहस्रगुः। तयोरपि कुटुम्बाभ्यामाहरेदविचारयन् ॥१२-१५९-९॥
yo'nāhitāgniḥ śatagurayajvā ca sahasraguḥ। tayorapi kuṭumbābhyāmāharedavicārayan ॥12-159-9॥
[यः (yaḥ) - who; अनाहिताग्निः (anāhitāgniḥ) - not maintaining sacred fire; शतगुरयज्वा (śatagurayajvā) - one who has performed a hundred sacrifices; च (ca) - and; सहस्रगुः (sahasraguḥ) - one who has performed a thousand sacrifices; तयोः (tayoḥ) - of those two; अपि (api) - even; कुटुम्बाभ्याम् (kuṭumbābhyām) - by the two householders; आहरेत् (āharet) - should take; अविचारयन् (avicārayan) - without considering;]
(Who, not maintaining sacred fire, one who has performed a hundred sacrifices and one who has performed a thousand sacrifices; even of those two, by the two householders, should take without considering.)
Even if one has performed a hundred or a thousand sacrifices, if he does not maintain the sacred fire, a householder should take (food) from either of those two without hesitation.
अदातृभ्यो हरेन्नित्यं व्याख्याप्य नृपतिः प्रभो। तथा ह्याचरतो धर्मो नृपतेः स्यादथाखिलः ॥१२-१५९-१०॥
adātṛbhyo harennityaṃ vyākhyāpya nṛpatiḥ prabho। tathā hyācarato dharmo nṛpateḥ syādathākhilaḥ ॥12-159-10॥
[अदातृभ्यः (adātṛbhyaḥ) - from non-givers; हरेत् (haret) - should take; नित्यं (nityaṃ) - always; व्याख्याप्य (vyākhyāpya) - having explained; नृपतिः (nṛpatiḥ) - the king; प्रभो (prabho) - O lord; तथा (tathā) - thus; हि (hi) - indeed; आचरतः (ācarataḥ) - of one who acts; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - righteousness; नृपतेः (nṛpateḥ) - of the king; स्यात् (syāt) - would be; अथ (atha) - then; अखिलः (akhilaḥ) - entire;]
(From non-givers, the king should always take, having explained, O lord. Thus indeed, righteousness of the king who acts would then be entire.)
O lord, the king should always take from those who do not give, after explaining to them. Thus, when the king acts in this way, his righteousness becomes complete.
तथैव सप्तमे भक्ते भक्तानि षडनश्नता। अश्वस्तनविधानेन हर्तव्यं हीनकर्मणः ॥ खलात्क्षेत्रात्तथागाराद्यतो वाप्युपपद्यते ॥१२-१५९-११॥
tathaiva saptame bhakte bhaktāni ṣaḍ anaśnatā। aśvastana-vidhānena hartavyaṃ hīna-karmaṇaḥ ॥ khalāt kṣetrāt tathā gārāt yato vā api upapadyate ॥12-159-11॥
[तथैव (tathaiva) - in the same way; सप्तमे (saptame) - in the seventh; भक्ते (bhakte) - portion; भक्तानि (bhaktāni) - portions; षट् (ṣaṭ) - six; अनश्नता (anaśnatā) - not eating; अश्वस्तनविधानेन (aśvastana-vidhānena) - by the rule of aśvastana (unapproved food); हर्तव्यं (hartavyaṃ) - should be taken; हीनकर्मणः (hīna-karmaṇaḥ) - of one deficient in duty; खलात् (khalāt) - from the threshing floor; क्षेत्रात् (kṣetrāt) - from the field; तथा (tathā) - likewise; गारात् (gārāt) - from the house; यतः (yataḥ) - from where; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - also; उपपद्यते (upapadyate) - is obtained;]
(In the same way, in the seventh portion, the six portions of one not eating should be taken by the rule of aśvastana (unapproved food) from one deficient in duty; from the threshing floor, from the field, likewise from the house, from wherever it is also obtained.)
Similarly, in the seventh share, the six shares of one who does not eat should be taken according to the rule of aśvastana from one who is deficient in duty; from the threshing floor, from the field, likewise from the house, or from wherever else it is obtained.
आख्यातव्यं नृपस्यैतत्पृच्छतोऽपृच्छतोऽपि वा। न तस्मै धारयेद्दण्डं राजा धर्मेण धर्मवित् ॥१२-१५९-१२॥
ākhyātavyaṃ nṛpasyaitatpṛcchato'pṛcchato'pi vā। na tasmai dhārayeddaṇḍaṃ rājā dharmeṇa dharmavit ॥12-159-12॥
[आख्यातव्यं (ākhyātavyam) - to be declared; to be told; नृपस्य (nṛpasya) - of the king; एतत् (etat) - this; पृच्छतः (pṛcchataḥ) - (when) asking; अपृच्छतः (apṛcchataḥ) - (when) not asking; अपि (api) - even; वा (vā) - or; न (na) - not; तस्मै (tasmai) - to him; धारयेत् (dhārayet) - should impose; दण्डं (daṇḍam) - punishment; राजा (rājā) - the king; धर्मेण (dharmeṇa) - by righteousness; धर्मवित् (dharmavit) - knower of dharma;]
(This should be declared to the king, whether he asks or does not ask, or even so. The king, being a knower of dharma, should not impose punishment on him by righteousness.)
This must be told to the king, whether he asks or not. The king, who knows dharma, should not punish him if it is done in accordance with righteousness.
क्षत्रियस्य हि बालिश्याद्ब्राह्मणः क्लिश्यते क्षुधा। श्रुतशीले समाज्ञाय वृत्तिमस्य प्रकल्पयेत् ॥ अथैनं परिरक्षेत पिता पुत्रमिवौरसम् ॥१२-१५९-१३॥
kṣatriyasya hi bāliśyād brāhmaṇaḥ kliśyate kṣudhā। śrutaśīle samājñāya vṛttim asya prakalpayet ॥ athainaṃ parirakṣeta pitā putram ivaurasam ॥12-159-13॥
[क्षत्रियस्य (kṣatriyasya) - of a kṣatriya; हि (hi) - indeed; बालिश्यात् (bāliśyāt) - from childishness; ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - a brāhmaṇa; क्लिश्यते (kliśyate) - is afflicted; क्षुधा (kṣudhā) - by hunger; श्रुत (śruta) - learning; शीले (śīle) - and conduct; समाज्ञाय (samājñāya) - having ascertained; वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood; अस्य (asya) - of him; प्रकल्पयेत् (prakalpayet) - should arrange; अथ (atha) - then; एनम् (enam) - him; परिरक्षेत् (parirakṣet) - should protect; पिता (pitā) - the father; पुत्रम् (putram) - the son; इव (iva) - like; औरसम् (aurasam) - born of one's own body;]
(Indeed, from the childishness of a kṣatriya, a brāhmaṇa is afflicted by hunger. Having ascertained his learning and conduct, one should arrange his livelihood. Then, one should protect him like a father (protects) his own son born of his own body.)
Because of the immaturity of a kṣatriya, a brāhmaṇa suffers from hunger. After assessing his learning and character, his livelihood should be arranged. Then, he should be protected as a father protects his own natural-born son.
इष्टिं वैश्वानरीं नित्यं निर्वपेदब्दपर्यये। अविकल्पः पुराधर्मो धर्मवादैस्तु केवलम् ॥१२-१५९-१४॥
iṣṭiṃ vaiśvānarīṃ nityaṃ nirvaped abda-paryaye। avikalpaḥ purā-dharmo dharma-vādais tu kevalam ॥12-159-14॥
[इष्टिं (iṣṭim) - sacrifice; (oblations; offering;) वैश्वानरीं (vaiśvānarīm) - relating to Agni Vaiśvānara; (universal fire;) नित्यं (nityam) - always; (constantly;) निर्वपेत् (nirvapet) - should offer; (should perform;) अब्दपर्यये (abda-paryaye) - at the end of the year; (annual cycle;) अविकल्पः (avikalpaḥ) - without alternative; (unchanging;) पुराधर्मः (purā-dharmaḥ) - ancient law; (old custom;) धर्मवादैः (dharma-vādaiḥ) - by arguments about dharma; (by religious disputations;) तु (tu) - but; (however;) केवलम् (kevalam) - only; (merely;);]
(One should always offer the Vaiśvānara sacrifice at the end of the year; the ancient law is without alternative, but only by arguments about dharma.)
One must always perform the Vaiśvānara sacrifice annually; this is the ancient, unalterable law, though some only debate it through arguments about dharma.
विश्वैस्तु देवैः साध्यैश्च ब्राह्मणैश्च महर्षिभिः। आपत्सु मरणाद्भीतैर्लिङ्गप्रतिनिधिः कृतः ॥१२-१५९-१५॥
viśvaistu devaiḥ sādhyaiś ca brāhmaṇaiś ca maharṣibhiḥ। āpatsu maraṇād bhītair liṅgapratinidhiḥ kṛtaḥ ॥12-159-15॥
[विश्वैः (viśvaiḥ) - by all; by the universals; तु (tu) - but; देवैः (devaiḥ) - by the gods; साध्यैः (sādhyaiḥ) - by the Sādhyas; च (ca) - and; ब्राह्मणैः (brāhmaṇaiḥ) - by the Brāhmaṇas; च (ca) - and; महर्षिभिः (maharṣibhiḥ) - by the great ṛṣis; आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in calamities; मरणात् (maraṇāt) - from death; भीतैः (bhītaiḥ) - by those who are afraid; लिङ्गप्रतिनिधिः (liṅgapratinidhiḥ) - symbolic representative; कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - was made;]
(But by all, by the gods, by the Sādhyas, by the Brāhmaṇas, and by the great ṛṣis, in calamities, from death, by those who are afraid, a symbolic representative was made.)
But by all, by the gods, the Sādhyas, the Brāhmaṇas, and the great ṛṣis, in times of calamity, out of fear of death, a symbolic representative was established.
प्रभुः प्रथमकल्पस्य योऽनुकल्पेन वर्तते। न साम्परायिकं तस्य दुर्मतेर्विद्यते फलम् ॥१२-१५९-१६॥
prabhuḥ prathamakalpasya yo'nukalpena vartate। na sāmparāyikaṃ tasya durmatervidyate phalam ॥12-159-16॥
[प्रभुः (prabhuḥ) - master; lord; प्रथमकल्पस्य (prathamakalpasya) - of the first rule; of the original ordinance; यः (yaḥ) - who; अनुकल्पेन (anukalpena) - by a secondary rule; by a substitute ordinance; वर्तते (vartate) - acts; behaves; न (na) - not; साम्परायिकं (sāmparāyikaṃ) - pertaining to the next world; relating to the hereafter; तस्य (tasya) - of him; his; दुर्मतेः (durmateḥ) - of the evil-minded; of the wicked; विद्यते (vidyate) - exists; फलम् (phalam) - fruit; result;]
(The master of the first rule, who acts by a substitute ordinance, for him who is evil-minded, there is no fruit pertaining to the next world.)
He who, being the master of the original ordinance, acts according to a substitute rule, for such an evil-minded person, there is no reward in the next world.
न ब्राह्मणान्वेदयेत कश्चिद्राजनि मानवः। अवीर्यो वेदनाद्विद्यात्सुवीर्यो वीर्यवत्तरम् ॥१२-१५९-१७॥
na brāhmaṇānvedayet kaścidrājani mānavaḥ। avīryo vedanādvidyātsuvīryo vīryavattaram ॥12-159-17॥
[न (na) - not; ब्राह्मणान् (brāhmaṇān) - Brāhmaṇas; वेदयेत (vedayet) - should inform; कश्चित् (kaścit) - anyone; राजनि (rājani) - to the king; मानवः (mānavaḥ) - a man; अवीर्यः (avīryaḥ) - without strength; वेदनात् (vedanāt) - from informing; विद्यात् (vidyāt) - should know; सुवीर्यः (suvīryaḥ) - of great strength; वीर्यवत्तरम् (vīryavattaram) - stronger; ॥१२-१५९-१७॥ (॥12-159-17॥) -;]
(A man should not inform Brāhmaṇas to the king; from informing, one without strength should know one of great strength, (and) stronger.)
A man should never reveal Brāhmaṇas to the king; by such disclosure, the weak should recognize those of great strength and even greater power.
तस्माद्राज्ञा सदा तेजो दुःसहं ब्रह्मवादिनाम्। मन्ता शास्ता विधाता च ब्राह्मणो देव उच्यते ॥ तस्मिन्नाकुशलं ब्रूयान्न शुक्तामीरयेद्गिरम् ॥१२-१५९-१८॥
tasmādrājñā sadā tejo duḥsahaṃ brahmavādinām। mantā śāstā vidhātā ca brāhmaṇo deva ucyate॥ tasminnākuśalaṃ brūyānna śuktāmīrayed giram॥12-159-18॥
[तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; राज्ञा (rājñā) - by the king; सदा (sadā) - always; तेजः (tejaḥ) - power; दुःसहम् (duḥsaham) - unbearable; ब्रह्मवादिनाम् (brahmavādinām) - of those who speak of Brahman; मन्ता (mantā) - counselor; शास्ता (śāstā) - teacher; विधाता (vidhātā) - ordainer; च (ca) - and; ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - brāhmaṇa; देवः (devaḥ) - god; उच्यते (ucyate) - is called; तस्मिन् (tasmin) - to him; अकुशलम् (akuśalam) - evil; ब्रूयात् (brūyāt) - should speak; न (na) - not; शुक्ताम् (śuktām) - harsh; ईरयेत् (īrayet) - should utter; गिरम् (giram) - speech;]
(Therefore, by the king, always, the power unbearable of those who speak of Brahman; counselor, teacher, ordainer and brāhmaṇa is called god. To him, evil should not be spoken, nor harsh speech should be uttered.)
Therefore, a king should always regard the power of those who speak of Brahman as unbearable; the counselor, teacher, ordainer, and brāhmaṇa are called gods. To him, one should not speak evil nor utter harsh words.
क्षत्रियो बाहुवीर्येण तरत्यापदमात्मनः। धनेन वैश्यः शूद्रश्च मन्त्रैर्होमैश्च वै द्विजः ॥१२-१५९-१९॥
kṣatriyo bāhuvīryeṇa taratyāpadamātmanaḥ। dhanena vaiśyaḥ śūdraśca mantrairhomaiśca vai dvijaḥ ॥12-159-19॥
[क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - warrior; बाहुवीर्येण (bāhuvīryeṇa) - by the strength of arms; तरति (tarati) - crosses; आपदम् (āpadam) - danger; आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - of himself; धनेन (dhanena) - by wealth; वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - merchant; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - śūdra; च (ca) - and; मन्त्रैः (mantraiḥ) - by mantras; होमैः (homaiḥ) - by offerings; च (ca) - and; वै (vai) - indeed; द्विजः (dvijaḥ) - twice-born;]
(The warrior crosses danger by the strength of his arms; the merchant by wealth; the śūdra and the twice-born indeed by mantras and offerings.)
A kṣatriya overcomes danger by his own strength of arms, a vaiśya by wealth, a śūdra and a brāhmaṇa (twice-born) by mantras and sacrificial offerings.
न वै कन्या न युवतिर्नामन्त्रो न च बालिशः। परिवेष्टाग्निहोत्रस्य भवेन्नासंस्कृतस्तथा ॥ नरके निपतन्त्येते जुह्वानाः स च यस्य तत् ॥१२-१५९-२०॥
na vai kanyā na yuvatir nāmantro na ca bāliśaḥ। pariveṣṭāgnihotrasya bhaven nāsaṃskṛtas tathā॥ narake nipatanty ete juhvānāḥ sa ca yasya tat॥12-159-20॥
[न (na) - not; वै (vai) - indeed; कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; न (na) - not; युवति (yuvati) - young woman; न (na) - not; अमन्त्रः (amantraḥ) - without mantra; न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; बालिशः (bāliśaḥ) - ignorant; परिवेष्टा (pariveṣṭā) - server; अग्निहोत्रस्य (agnihotrasya) - of Agnihotra; भवेत् (bhavet) - should be; न (na) - not; असंस्कृतः (asaṃskṛtaḥ) - uninitiated; तथा (tathā) - likewise; नरके (narake) - in hell; निपतन्ति (nipatanti) - fall; एते (ete) - these; जुह्वानाः (juhvānāḥ) - offerers; स (sa) - he; च (ca) - and; यस्स्य (yasya) - of whom; तत् (tat) - that;]
(Not indeed a maiden, not a young woman, not one without mantra, nor an ignorant person should be the server of Agnihotra, nor one uninitiated likewise. In hell fall these offerers and he for whom that (is done).)
A maiden, a young woman, one without mantra, an ignorant person, or one uninitiated should not serve as the server of Agnihotra; likewise, those who offer (with such servers) and the one for whom it is done fall into hell.
प्राजापत्यमदत्त्वाश्वमग्न्याधेयस्य दक्षिणाम्। अनाहिताग्निरिति स प्रोच्यते धर्मदर्शिभिः ॥१२-१५९-२१॥
prājāpatyamadattvāśvamagnyādheyasya dakṣiṇām। anāhitāgniriti sa procyate dharmadarśibhiḥ ॥12-159-21॥
[प्राजापत्यम् (prājāpatyam) - of the prājāpatya (sacrifice); अदत्त्वा (adattvā) - without giving; अश्वम् (aśvam) - horse; अग्न्याधेयस्य (agnyādheyasya) - of the agnyādheya (sacrifice); दक्षिणाम् (dakṣiṇām) - the fee (offering); अनाहिताग्निः (anāhitāgniḥ) - one who has not established the sacred fires; इति (iti) - thus; सः (saḥ) - he; प्रोच्यते (procyate) - is called; धर्मदर्शिभिः (dharmadarśibhiḥ) - by those who see dharma;]
(Without giving the horse as the fee for the prājāpatya or agnyādheya sacrifice, he is called 'one who has not established the sacred fires' by those who see dharma.)
If one does not give the horse as the fee for the prājāpatya or agnyādheya sacrifice, he is called 'one who has not established the sacred fires' by the wise who understand dharma.
पुण्यान्यन्यानि कुर्वीत श्रद्दधानो जितेन्द्रियः। अनाप्तदक्षिणैर्यज्ञैर्न यजेत कथञ्चन ॥१२-१५९-२२॥
puṇyāny anyāni kurvīta śraddadhāno jitendriyaḥ। anāptadakṣiṇair yajñair na yajeta kathaṃcana ॥12-159-22॥
[पुण्यानि (puṇyāni) - meritorious acts; अन्यानि (anyāni) - other; कुर्वीत (kurvīta) - should perform; श्रद्दधानः (śraddadhānaḥ) - having faith; जितेन्द्रियः (jitendriyaḥ) - one who has conquered the senses; अनाप्तदक्षिणैः (anāptadakṣiṇaiḥ) - with unpaid fees; यज्ञैः (yajñaiḥ) - with sacrifices; न (na) - not; यजेत (yajeta) - should perform; कथञ्चन (kathaṃcana) - in any way;]
(A person of faith and self-control should perform other meritorious acts; he should not perform sacrifices with unpaid fees in any way.)
One who has faith and has mastered his senses should engage in other virtuous deeds; he should never perform sacrifices where the fees have not been duly given.
प्रजाः पशूंश्च स्वर्गं च हन्ति यज्ञो ह्यदक्षिणः। इन्द्रियाणि यशः कीर्तिमायुश्चास्योपकृन्तति ॥१२-१५९-२३॥
prajāḥ paśūṃś ca svargaṃ ca hanti yajño hy adakṣiṇaḥ। indriyāṇi yaśaḥ kīrtim āyuś cāsyopakṛntati ॥12-159-23॥
[प्रजाः (prajāḥ) - subjects; पशूंश्च (paśūṃś ca) - and cattle; स्वर्गं (svargam) - heaven; च (ca) - and; हन्ति (hanti) - destroys; यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - sacrifice; हि (hi) - indeed; अदक्षिणः (adakṣiṇaḥ) - without dakṣiṇā (offering); इन्द्रियाणि (indriyāṇi) - senses; यशः (yaśaḥ) - fame; कीर्तिम् (kīrtim) - glory; आयुः (āyuḥ) - life; च (ca) - and; अस्य (asya) - of him; उपकृन्तति (upakṛntati) - cuts off;]
(A sacrifice indeed without dakṣiṇā destroys subjects, cattle, and heaven; it cuts off his senses, fame, glory, and life.)
A sacrifice performed without dakṣiṇā (offering) destroys the sacrificer's subjects, cattle, and access to heaven; it also cuts off his senses, fame, glory, and lifespan.
उदक्या ह्यासते ये च ये च केचिदनग्नयः। कुलं चाश्रोत्रियं येषां सर्वे ते शूद्रधर्मिणः ॥१२-१५९-२४॥
udakyā hy āsate ye ca ye ca kecid anagnayaḥ। kulaṃ cāśrotriyaṃ yeṣāṃ sarve te śūdradharmiṇaḥ॥12-159-24॥
[उदक्या (udakyā) - those who subsist by water; हि (hi) - indeed; आसते (āsate) - sit; dwell; ये (ye) - who; च (ca) - and; ये (ye) - who; च (ca) - and; केचित् (kecit) - some; अनग्नयः (anagnayaḥ) - without sacred fire; कुलम् (kulam) - family; च (ca) - and; अश्रोत्रियम् (aśrotriyam) - without a Vedic scholar; येषाम् (yeṣām) - of whom; सर्वे (sarve) - all; ते (te) - they; शूद्रधर्मिणः (śūdradharmiṇaḥ) - having the conduct of Śūdras;]
(Those who subsist by water indeed dwell, and those who are without sacred fire, and any family without a Vedic scholar, all of them are of Śūdra conduct.)
Those who live by water, those who are without sacred fire, and any family lacking a Vedic scholar—all these are considered to follow the conduct of Śūdras.
उदपानोदके ग्रामे ब्राह्मणो वृषलीपतिः। उषित्वा द्वादश समाः शूद्रकर्मेह गच्छति ॥१२-१५९-२५॥
udapānodake grāme brāhmaṇo vṛṣalīpatiḥ। uṣitvā dvādaśa samāḥ śūdrakarmeha gacchati ॥12-159-25॥
[उदपानोदके (udapānodake) - in a village with a well as water source; ग्रामे (grāme) - in the village; ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - a Brāhmaṇa; वृषलीपतिः (vṛṣalīpatiḥ) - husband of a śūdra woman; उषित्वा (uṣitvā) - having lived; द्वादश (dvādaśa) - twelve; समाः (samāḥ) - years; शूद्रकर्मणि (śūdrakarmaṇi) - in the occupation of a śūdra; इह (iha) - here; गच्छति (gacchati) - goes; ॥१२-१५९-२५॥ (॥12-159-25॥) - (verse number);]
(In a village with a well as water source, a Brāhmaṇa, husband of a śūdra woman, having lived twelve years here in the occupation of a śūdra, goes.)
In a village dependent on a well, a Brāhmaṇa who is the husband of a śūdra woman, after living here for twelve years engaged in the work of a śūdra, departs.
अनार्यां शयने बिभ्रदुज्झन्बिभ्रच्च यो द्विजाम्। अब्राह्मणो मन्यमानस्तृणेष्वासीत पृष्ठतः ॥ तथा स शुध्यते राजञ्शृणु चात्र वचो मम ॥१२-१५९-२६॥
anāryāṃ śayane bibhradujjhanbibhra cca yo dvijām। abrāhmaṇo manyamānastṛṇeṣvāsīta pṛṣṭhataḥ ॥ tathā sa śudhyate rājañśṛṇu cātra vaco mama ॥12-159-26॥
[अनार्यां (anāryām) - non-noble woman; शयने (śayane) - on the bed; बिभ्रत् (bibhrat) - bearing; उज्ज्हन् (ujjhan) - abandoning; बिभ्रत् (bibhrat) - bearing; च (ca) - and; यः (yaḥ) - who; द्विजाम् (dvijām) - of the twice-born; अब्राह्मणः (abrāhmaṇaḥ) - non-brāhmaṇa; मन्यमानः (manyamānaḥ) - thinking; तृणेषु (tṛṇeṣu) - on the grass; आसीत् (āsīt) - should sit; पृष्ठतः (pṛṣṭhataḥ) - behind; तथा (tathā) - thus; सः (saḥ) - he; शुध्यते (śudhyate) - is purified; राजन् (rājan) - O king; शृणु (śṛṇu) - listen; च (ca) - and; अत्र (atra) - here; वचः (vacaḥ) - word; मम (mama) - my;]
(A non-noble woman on the bed bearing, abandoning, bearing and who of the twice-born; a non-brāhmaṇa thinking should sit on the grass behind. Thus he is purified, O king, listen and here is my word.)
If a non-brāhmaṇa, having lain with a non-noble woman on the bed, abandons her and sits behind the twice-born on the grass, thus he is purified. O king, listen here to my words.
यदेकरात्रेण करोति पापं; कृष्णं वर्णं ब्राह्मणः सेवमानः। स्थानासनाभ्यां विचरन्व्रती सं; स्त्रिभिर्वर्षैः शमयेदात्मपापम् ॥१२-१५९-२७॥
yad ekarātreṇa karoti pāpaṃ; kṛṣṇaṃ varṇaṃ brāhmaṇaḥ sevamānaḥ. sthānāsanābhyāṃ vicaran vratī san; tribhir varṣaiḥ śamayed ātmapāpam ॥12-159-27॥
[यत् (yat) - which; एकरात्रेण (ekarātreṇa) - in one night; करोति (karoti) - does; पापं (pāpaṃ) - sin; कृष्णं (kṛṣṇaṃ) - black; वर्णं (varṇaṃ) - color; ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - brāhmaṇa; सेवमानः (sevamānaḥ) - serving; स्थानासनाभ्यां (sthānāsanābhyāṃ) - by standing and sitting; विचरन् (vicaran) - moving about; व्रती (vratī) - vow-holder; सन् (san) - being; त्रिभिः (tribhiḥ) - with three; वर्षैः (varṣaiḥ) - years; शमयेत् (śamayet) - should pacify; आत्मपापम् (ātmapāpam) - own sin;]
(Which sin is committed in one night, a brāhmaṇa serving one of black color; by standing and sitting, moving about, being a vow-holder, with three years, should pacify his own sin.)
If a brāhmaṇa serves someone of black color and commits a sin in one night, by observing a vow, moving about by standing and sitting for three years, he should atone for his own sin.
न नर्मयुक्तं वचनं हिनस्ति; न स्त्रीषु राजन्न विवाहकाले। न गुर्वर्थे नात्मनो जीवितार्थे; पञ्चानृतान्याहुरपातकानि ॥१२-१५९-२८॥
na narmayuktaṃ vacanaṃ hinasti; na strīṣu rājann vivāhakāle. na gurvarthe nātmano jīvitārthe; pañcānṛtāny āhur apātakāni ॥12-159-28॥
[न (na) - not; नर्मयुक्तं (narmayuktaṃ) - joined with jest; वचनं (vacanam) - speech; हिनस्ति (hinasti) - harms; न (na) - not; स्त्रीषु (strīṣu) - among women; राजन् (rājan) - O king; विवाहकाले (vivāhakāle) - at the time of marriage; न (na) - not; गुर्वर्थे (gurvarthe) - for the sake of the teacher; न (na) - not; आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - of oneself; जीवितार्थे (jīvitārthe) - for the sake of life; पञ्च (pañca) - five; अनृतानि (anṛtāni) - falsehoods; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; अपातकानि (apātakāni) - not sinful;]
(Not speech joined with jest harms; not among women, O king, at the time of marriage. Not for the sake of the teacher, not of oneself for the sake of life; five falsehoods they say are not sinful.)
Speech uttered in jest, or at the time of marriage among women, or for the sake of the teacher, or for saving one's own life—these five kinds of falsehood, O king, are said to be not sinful.
श्रद्दधानः शुभां विद्यां हीनादपि समाचरेत्। सुवर्णमपि चामेध्यादाददीतेति धारणा ॥१२-१५९-२९॥
śraddadhānaḥ śubhāṃ vidyāṃ hīnāda api samācaret। suvarṇam api ca amedhyāt ādadīta iti dhāraṇā ॥12-159-29॥
[श्रद्दधानः (śraddadhānaḥ) - having faith; शुभां (śubhām) - auspicious; विद्यां (vidyām) - knowledge; हीनात् (hīnāt) - from the inferior; अपि (api) - even; समाचरेत् (samācaret) - should practice; सुवर्णम् (suvarṇam) - gold; अपि (api) - even; च (ca) - and; अमेध्यात् (amedhyāt) - from the impure; आददीत (ādadīta) - should take; इति (iti) - thus; धारणा (dhāraṇā) - conviction;]
(Having faith, one should practice auspicious knowledge even from the inferior; one should take gold even from the impure—thus is the conviction.)
One who has faith should acquire auspicious knowledge even from someone inferior, and should take gold even from the impure—this is the established principle.
स्त्रीरत्नं दुष्कुलाच्चापि विषादप्यमृतं पिबेत्। अदुष्टा हि स्त्रियो रत्नमाप इत्येव धर्मतः ॥१२-१५९-३०॥
strīratnaṃ duṣkulāccāpi viṣādamṛtaṃ pibet| aduṣṭā hi striyo ratnamāpa ityeva dharmataḥ ||12-159-30||
[स्त्रीरत्नम् (strīratnam) - woman-jewel; दुष्कुलात् (duṣkulāt) - from a bad family; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - even; विषात् (viṣāt) - from poison; अपि (api) - even; अमृतम् (amṛtam) - nectar; पिबेत् (pibet) - one should drink; अदुष्टा (aduṣṭā) - not wicked; हि (hi) - indeed; स्त्रियः (striyaḥ) - women; रत्नम् (ratnam) - jewel; आप (āpa) - obtain; इति (iti) - thus; एव (eva) - only; धर्मतः (dharmataḥ) - according to dharma;]
(One should drink nectar even from poison, and even a jewel of a woman from a bad family; for indeed, women who are not wicked are jewels, thus it is only according to dharma.)
Even if a woman of great virtue comes from a bad family, she is to be cherished like a jewel; just as nectar may be taken even from poison, so too a virtuous woman, regardless of her origin, is considered a treasure according to dharma.
गोब्राह्मणहितार्थं च वर्णानां सङ्करेषु च। गृह्णीयात्तु धनुर्वैश्यः परित्राणाय चात्मनः ॥१२-१५९-३१॥
gobrāhmaṇahitārthaṃ ca varṇānāṃ saṅkareṣu ca। gṛhṇīyāttu dhanurvaiśyaḥ paritrāṇāya cātmanaḥ ॥12-159-31॥
[गो (go) - cow; ब्राह्मण (brāhmaṇa) - brāhmaṇa; हित (hita) - welfare; अर्थं (arthaṃ) - for the purpose; च (ca) - and; वर्णानां (varṇānāṃ) - of the classes; सङ्करेषु (saṅkareṣu) - in confusions; च (ca) - and; गृह्णीयात् (gṛhṇīyāt) - should take up; तु (tu) - but; धनुः (dhanuḥ) - bow; वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - vaiśya; परित्राणाय (paritrāṇāya) - for protection; च (ca) - and; आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - of himself;]
(For the welfare of cows and brāhmaṇas and for the purpose of the classes, and in times of confusion, the vaiśya should take up the bow for the protection of himself.)
For the welfare of cows and brāhmaṇas, and for the sake of the social classes, in times of confusion, the vaiśya should take up arms for his own protection.
सुरापानं ब्रह्महत्या गुरुतल्पमथापि वा। अनिर्देश्यानि मन्यन्ते प्राणान्तानीति धारणा ॥१२-१५९-३२॥
surāpānaṃ brahmahatyā gurutalpam athāpi vā। anirdeśyāni manyante prāṇāntānīti dhāraṇā ॥12-159-32॥
[सुरापानं (surāpānam) - liquor-drinking; ब्रह्महत्या (brahmahatyā) - killing of a Brāhmaṇa; गुरुतल्पम् (gurutalpam) - teacher's wife; अथ (atha) - and; अपि (api) - also; वा (vā) - or; अनिर्देश्यानि (anirdeśyāni) - unspeakable (sins); मन्यन्ते (manyante) - they consider; प्राणान्तानि (prāṇāntāni) - ending of life; इति (iti) - thus; धारणा (dhāraṇā) - conviction;]
(Liquor-drinking, killing of a Brāhmaṇa, teacher's wife, and also or unspeakable (sins), they consider as ending of life—thus is the conviction.)
Drinking liquor, killing a Brāhmaṇa, violating the teacher's wife, and other unspeakable acts are considered mortal sins—this is the established view.
सुवर्णहरणं स्तैन्यं विप्रासङ्गश्च पातकम्। विहरन्मद्यपानं चाप्यगम्यागमनं तथा ॥१२-१५९-३३॥
suvarṇaharaṇaṃ stainyaṃ viprāsaṅgaś ca pātakam। viharann madyapānaṃ cāpy agam yāgamanaṃ tathā ॥12-159-33॥
[सुवर्णहरणम् (suvarṇaharaṇam) - gold-taking; (theft of gold;) स्तैन्यम् (stainyam) - theft; (act of stealing;) विप्रासङ्गः (viprāsaṅgaḥ) - association with a Brāhmaṇa (in a prohibited way); च (ca) - and; पातकम् (pātakam) - sin; (great sin;) विहरन् (viharann) - engaging in; (moving about;) मद्यपानम् (madyapānam) - liquor-drinking; (drinking of wine;) च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; अगम्यागमनम् (agamyāgamanaṃ) - approaching the unapproachable (sexual intercourse with forbidden women); तथा (tathā) - likewise;]
(Gold-taking, theft, association with a Brāhmaṇa (in a prohibited way), and sin; engaging in liquor-drinking and also approaching the unapproachable likewise.)
Theft of gold, stealing, improper association with a Brāhmaṇa, and other great sins; engaging in drinking liquor and also intercourse with forbidden women are likewise considered.
पतितैः सम्प्रयोगाच्च ब्राह्मणैर्योनितस्तथा। अचिरेण महाराज तादृशो वै भवत्युत ॥१२-१५९-३४॥
patitaiḥ samprayogāc ca brāhmaṇair yonitas tathā। acireṇa mahārāja tādṛśo vai bhavat yuta ॥12-159-34॥
[पतितैः (patitaiḥ) - by the fallen ones; सम्प्रयोगात् (samprayogāt) - from association; च (ca) - and; ब्राह्मणैः (brāhmaṇaiḥ) - by Brāhmaṇas; योनितः (yonitaḥ) - from birth; तथा (tathā) - likewise; अचिरेण (acireṇa) - in a short time; महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king; तादृशः (tādṛśaḥ) - such; वै (vai) - indeed; भवति (bhavati) - becomes; उत (uta) - indeed;]
(By the fallen ones, and from association, by Brāhmaṇas, likewise from birth; in a short time, O great king, such indeed becomes indeed.)
O great king, by association with the fallen and even by birth from Brāhmaṇas, one quickly becomes like them.
संवत्सरेण पतति पतितेन सहाचरन्। याजनाध्यापनाद्यौनान्न तु यानासनाशनात् ॥१२-१५९-३५॥
saṁvatsareṇa patati patitena sahācaraṇ। yājanādhyāpanādyau nānna tu yānāsanāśanāt ॥12-159-35॥
[संवत्सरेण (saṁvatsareṇa) - by the year; by a year; पतति (patati) - falls; perishes; पतितेन (patitena) - with the fallen; with one who has fallen; सहाचरन् (sahācaraṇ) - associating; accompanying; याजन (yājana) - causing to perform sacrifice; officiating as priest; अध्यापन (adhyāpana) - teaching; instructing; आद्यौ (ādyau) - the first two; both the first; न (na) - not; तु (tu) - but; यान (yāna) - vehicle; conveyance; आसन (āsana) - seat; sitting; आशनात् (āśanāt) - from eating; from food;]
(By a year, associating with the fallen, one falls; but not from causing to perform sacrifice or teaching, the first two, nor from vehicle, seat, or food.)
One who associates with the fallen becomes fallen within a year, but not by officiating as priest or teaching, nor by sharing a vehicle, seat, or food.
एतानि च ततोऽन्यानि निर्देश्यानीति धारणा। निर्देश्यकेन विधिना कालेनाव्यसनी भवेत् ॥१२-१५९-३६॥
etāni ca tato'nyāni nirdeśyānīti dhāraṇā। nirdeśyakena vidhinā kālenāvyasanī bhavet ॥12-159-36॥
[एतानि (etāni) - these; च (ca) - and; ततः (tataḥ) - then; अन्यानि (anyāni) - other; निर्देश्यानि (nirdeśyāni) - to be indicated; इति (iti) - thus; धारणा (dhāraṇā) - understanding; निर्देश्यकेन (nirdeśyakena) - by the one to be indicated; विधिना (vidhinā) - by the rule; कालेन (kālena) - by time; अव्यसनी (avyasanī) - not addicted; भवेत् (bhavet) - should be;]
(These and then other things to be indicated—thus is the understanding. By the rule, by the one to be indicated, by time, one should not become addicted.)
The understanding is that these and then other things are to be indicated. According to the rule, by the one to be indicated, and by time, one should not become addicted.
अन्नं तिर्यङ्न होतव्यं प्रेतकर्मण्यपातिते। त्रिषु त्वेतेषु पूर्वेषु न कुर्वीत विचारणाम् ॥१२-१५९-३७॥
annaṃ tiryaṅna hotavyaṃ pretakarmaṇyapātite। triṣu tveteṣu pūrveṣu na kurvīta vicāraṇām ॥12-159-37॥
[अन्नम् (annam) - food; तिर्यङ् (tiryaṅ) - for animals; horizontally; न (na) - not; होतव्यम् (hotavyam) - should be offered; प्रेतकर्मणि (pretakarmaṇi) - in funeral rites; अपातिते (apātite) - when not fallen (not applicable); त्रिषु (triṣu) - in three; तु (tu) - but; एतेषु (eteṣu) - these; पूर्वेषु (pūrveṣu) - former; न (na) - not; कुर्वीत (kurvīta) - should do; विचारणाम् (vicāraṇām) - consideration;]
(Food should not be offered to animals in funeral rites when not fallen; but in these three former (cases), one should not make consideration.)
Food should not be offered to animals during funeral rites when it is not appropriate; but in these three previous cases, no consideration should be made.
अमात्यान्वा गुरून्वापि जह्याद्धर्मेण धार्मिकः। प्रायश्चित्तमकुर्वाणैर्नैतैरर्हति संविदम् ॥१२-१५९-३८॥
amātyānvā gurūnvāpi jahyāddharmeṇa dhārmikaḥ। prāyaścittamakurvāṇairnaitairarhati saṃvidam ॥12-159-38॥
[अमात्यान् (amātyān) - ministers; वा (vā) - or; गुरून् (gurūn) - elders; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - even; जह्यात् (jahyāt) - should abandon; धर्मेण (dharmeṇa) - by righteousness; धार्मिकः (dhārmikaḥ) - the righteous one; प्रायश्चित्तम् (prāyaścittam) - atonement; अकुर्वाणैः (akurvāṇaiḥ) - by those not performing; न (na) - not; एतैः (etaiḥ) - with these; अर्हति (arhati) - should associate; संविदम् (saṃvidam) - agreement;]
(A righteous one should abandon, by righteousness, ministers or elders even, who do not perform atonement; he should not associate in agreement with these.)
A righteous person, by the rule of dharma, should abandon even ministers or elders who do not perform atonement; he should not enter into any agreement with such people.
अधर्मकारी धर्मेण तपसा हन्ति किल्बिषम्। ब्रुवन्स्तेन इति स्तेनं तावत्प्राप्नोति किल्बिषम् ॥ अस्तेनं स्तेन इत्युक्त्वा द्विगुणं पापमाप्नुयात् ॥१२-१५९-३९॥
adharmakārī dharmeṇa tapasā hanti kilbiṣam। bruvan stena iti stenaṃ tāvat prāpnoti kilbiṣam ॥ astenaṃ stena ity uktvā dviguṇaṃ pāpam āpnuyāt ॥12-159-39॥
[अधर्मकारी (adharmakārī) - one who acts unrighteously; धर्मेण (dharmeṇa) - by righteousness; तपसा (tapasā) - by austerity; हन्ति (hanti) - destroys; किल्बिषम् (kilbiṣam) - sin; ब्रुवन् (bruvan) - speaking; स्तेन (stena) - thief; इति (iti) - thus; स्तेनम् (stenam) - a thief; तावत् (tāvat) - so much; प्राप्नोति (prāpnoti) - obtains; किल्बिषम् (kilbiṣam) - sin; अस्तेनम् (astenaṃ) - not a thief; स्तेन (stena) - thief; इति (iti) - thus; उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having said; द्विगुणम् (dviguṇam) - double; पापम् (pāpam) - sin; आप्नुयात् (āpnuyāt) - may obtain;]
(One who acts unrighteously destroys sin by righteousness and austerity. Speaking 'thief' thus to a thief, so much sin he obtains. Having said 'not a thief' thus to a thief, he may obtain double sin.)
One who acts unrighteously destroys his sin through righteousness and austerity. But if one calls a thief 'thief', he incurs that much sin; and if one calls a non-thief 'thief', he incurs double the sin.
त्रिभागं ब्रह्महत्यायाः कन्या प्राप्नोति दुष्यती। यस्तु दूषयिता तस्याः शेषं प्राप्नोति किल्बिषम् ॥१२-१५९-४०॥
tribhāgaṃ brahmahatyāyāḥ kanyā prāpnoti duṣyatī। yastu dūṣayitā tasyāḥ śeṣaṃ prāpnoti kilbiṣam ॥12-159-40॥
[त्रिभागं (tribhāgam) - three parts; ब्रह्महत्यायाः (brahmahatyāyāḥ) - of brahmahatyā (killing of a Brāhmaṇa); कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; प्राप्नोति (prāpnoti) - obtains; दुष्यती (duṣyatī) - who is defiled; यः (yaḥ) - who; तु (tu) - but; दूषयिता (dūṣayitā) - the defiler; तस्याः (tasyāḥ) - of her; शेषं (śeṣam) - the remainder; प्राप्नोति (prāpnoti) - obtains; किल्बिषम् (kilbiṣam) - sin;]
(A maiden who is defiled obtains three parts of the sin of brahmahatyā; but the defiler of her obtains the remainder of the sin.)
A maiden who is defiled acquires three parts of the sin of killing a Brāhmaṇa, but the one who defiles her acquires the remaining portion of the sin.
ब्राह्मणायावगूर्येह स्पृष्ट्वा गुरुतरं भवेत्। वर्षाणां हि शतं पापः प्रतिष्ठां नाधिगच्छति ॥१२-१५९-४१॥
brāhmaṇāyāvagūryeha spṛṣṭvā gurutaraṃ bhavet। varṣāṇāṃ hi śataṃ pāpaḥ pratiṣṭhāṃ nādhigacchati ॥12-159-41॥
[ब्राह्मणाय (brāhmaṇāya) - to a Brāhmaṇa; आवगूर्य (āvagūrya) - having thrown upon; इह (iha) - here; स्पृष्ट्वा (spṛṣṭvā) - having touched; गुरुतरं (gurutaram) - more serious; भवेत् (bhavet) - becomes; वर्षाणां (varṣāṇām) - of years; हि (hi) - indeed; शतं (śatam) - a hundred; पापः (pāpaḥ) - sin; प्रतिष्ठां (pratiṣṭhām) - established state; न (na) - not; अधिगच्छति (adhigacchati) - attains;]
(Having thrown (something) here upon a Brāhmaṇa and having touched (him), it becomes a more serious (offense). Indeed, for a hundred years, the sin does not attain an established state.)
If one throws (something) here upon a Brāhmaṇa and touches him, it becomes a more serious offense. Indeed, for a hundred years, the sin does not lose its effect or become expiated.
सहस्रं त्वेव वर्षाणां निपात्य नरके वसेत्। तस्मान्नैवावगूर्याद्धि नैव जातु निपातयेत् ॥१२-१५९-४२॥
sahasraṃ tveva varṣāṇāṃ nipātya narake vaset। tasmānnaivāvagūryāddhi naiva jātu nipātayet ॥12-159-42॥
[सहस्रं (sahasram) - thousand; तु (tu) - but; एव (eva) - indeed; वर्षाणां (varṣāṇām) - of years; निपात्य (nipātya) - having cast down; नरके (narake) - in hell; वसेत् (vaset) - should dwell; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; न (na) - not; एव (eva) - at all; अवगूर्यात् (avagūryāt) - should cover (with earth); हि (hi) - indeed; न (na) - not; एव (eva) - at all; जातु (jātu) - ever; निपातयेत् (nipātayet) - should cast down;]
(A thousand but indeed of years, having cast down, in hell should dwell. Therefore, not at all should (one) cover (with earth), indeed, not at all ever should (one) cast down.)
One who casts down (a living being) should dwell in hell for a thousand years. Therefore, one should never cover (with earth) nor ever cast down (a living being).
शोणितं यावतः पांसून्सङ्गृह्णीयाद्द्विजक्षतात्। तावतीः स समा राजन्नरके परिवर्तते ॥१२-१५९-४३॥
śoṇitaṃ yāvataḥ pāṃsūn saṅgṛhṇīyād dvija-kṣatāt। tāvatīḥ sa samā rājan narake parivartate॥12-159-43॥
[शोणितं (śoṇitam) - blood; यावतः (yāvataḥ) - as many as; पांसून् (pāṃsūn) - particles of dust; सङ्गृह्णीयात् (saṅgṛhṇīyāt) - one might collect; द्विज (dvija) - twice-born (Brāhmaṇa); क्षतात् (kṣatāt) - from the wound; तावतीः (tāvatīḥ) - so many; स (sa) - he; समा (samāḥ) - years; राजन् (rājan) - O king; नरके (narake) - in hell; परिवर्तते (parivartate) - remains; ॥१२-१५९-४३॥ (॥12-159-43॥) - ॥12-159-43॥;]
(As many particles of dust as one might collect from the blood of a twice-born's wound, for so many years, O king, he remains in hell.)
O king, for as many years as there are particles of dust that could be gathered from the blood of a Brāhmaṇa's wound, he remains in hell.
भ्रूणहाहवमध्ये तु शुध्यते शस्त्रपातितः। आत्मानं जुहुयाद्वह्नौ समिद्धे तेन शुध्यति ॥१२-१५९-४४॥
bhrūṇahāhavamadhye tu śudhyate śastrapātitaḥ। ātmānaṃ juhuyādvahnau samiddhe tena śudhyati ॥12-159-44॥
[भ्रूणहाहवमध्ये (bhrūṇahāhavamadhye) - in the midst of battle with a foeticide; तु (tu) - but; शुध्यते (śudhyate) - is purified; शस्त्रपातितः (śastrapātitaḥ) - one who is slain by weapons; आत्मानं (ātmānam) - oneself; जुहुयात् (juhuyāt) - should offer; वह्नौ (vahnau) - in fire; समिद्धे (samiddhe) - well-kindled; तेन (tena) - by that; शुध्यति (śudhyati) - is purified;]
(In the midst of battle with a foeticide, but one who is slain by weapons is purified. One should offer oneself into a well-kindled fire; by that, he is purified.)
But in the midst of battle with a foeticide, one who is slain by weapons is purified. Alternatively, one should offer oneself into a well-kindled fire; by that, he is purified.
सुरापो वारुणीमुष्णां पीत्वा पापाद्विमुच्यते। तया स काये निर्दग्धे मृत्युना प्रेत्य शुध्यति ॥ लोकांश्च लभते विप्रो नान्यथा लभते हि सः ॥१२-१५९-४५॥
surāpo vāruṇīmuṣṇāṃ pītvā pāpād vimucyate। tayā sa kāye nirdagdhe mṛtyunā pretya śudhyati॥ lokāṃś ca labhate vipro nānyathā labhate hi saḥ॥12-159-45॥
[सुरापः (surāpaḥ) - one who drinks surā (liquor); वारुणीम् (vāruṇīm) - vāruṇī (a type of liquor); उष्णाम् (uṣṇām) - hot; पीत्वा (pītvā) - having drunk; पापात् (pāpāt) - from sin; विमुच्यते (vimucyate) - is released; तया (tayā) - by that; सः (saḥ) - he; काये (kāye) - in the body; निर्दग्धे (nirdagdhe) - being burnt; मृत्युना (mṛtyunā) - by death; प्रेत्य (pretya) - having died; शुध्यति (śudhyati) - is purified; लोकान् (lokān) - worlds; च (ca) - and; लभते (labhate) - obtains; विप्रः (vipraḥ) - the Brāhmaṇa; न (na) - not; अन्यथा (anyathā) - otherwise; लभते (labhate) - obtains; हि (hi) - indeed; सः (saḥ) - he;]
(One who drinks hot vāruṇī (liquor), having drunk, is released from sin. By that, when his body is burnt by death, having died, he is purified. And the Brāhmaṇa obtains worlds; otherwise, he indeed does not obtain them.)
A person who drinks hot vāruṇī liquor is freed from sin after drinking it. When his body is burned at death, he is purified after death. The Brāhmaṇa attains heavenly worlds; otherwise, he does not attain them.
गुरुतल्पमधिष्ठाय दुरात्मा पापचेतनः। सूर्मीं ज्वलन्तीमाश्लिष्य मृत्युना स विशुध्यति ॥१२-१५९-४६॥
gurutalpam-adhiṣṭhāya durātmā pāpacetanaḥ। sūrmīṃ jvalantīm-āśliṣya mṛtyunā sa viśudhyati॥12-159-46॥
[गुरुतल्पम् (gurutalpam) - preceptor's bed; अधिष्ठाय (adhiṣṭhāya) - having ascended; दुरात्मा (durātmā) - wicked-souled; पापचेतनः (pāpacetanaḥ) - evil-minded; सूर्मीं (sūrmīm) - flame; ज्वलन्तीम् (jvalantīm) - burning; आश्लिष्य (āśliṣya) - having embraced; मृत्युना (mṛtyunā) - by death; सः (saḥ) - he; विशुध्यति (viśudhyati) - is purified;]
(Having ascended the preceptor's bed, the wicked-souled, evil-minded one, having embraced the burning flame, by death, he is purified.)
If a wicked and evil-minded person ascends the preceptor's bed, he is purified by death after embracing the burning flame.
अथ वा शिश्नवृषणावादायाञ्जलिना स्वयम्। नैरृतीं दिशमास्थाय निपतेत्स त्वजिह्मगः ॥१२-१५९-४७॥
atha vā śiśnavṛṣaṇāv ādāyāñjalinā svayam। nairṛtīṃ diśam āsthāya nipatets tv ajihmagaḥ ॥12-159-47॥
[अथ (atha) - then; वा (vā) - or; शिश्न (śiśna) - penis; वृषणौ (vṛṣaṇau) - testicles; आदाय (ādāya) - having taken; अञ्जलिना (añjalinā) - with the hollow of the hands; स्वयम् (svayam) - oneself; नैरृतीं (nairṛtīm) - the southwestern; दिशम् (diśam) - direction; आस्थाय (āsthāya) - having assumed; निपतेत् (nipatet) - should fall; सः (saḥ) - he; तु (tu) - but; अजिह्मगः (ajihmagaḥ) - not crooked-going;]
(Then or, having taken the penis and testicles with the hollow of the hands oneself, having assumed the southwestern direction, he should fall, but not crooked-going.)
Alternatively, one should, taking his penis and testicles in his own cupped hands, face the southwest direction and fall down, but not in a crooked manner.
ब्राह्मणार्थेऽपि वा प्राणान्सन्त्यजेत्तेन शुध्यति। अश्वमेधेन वापीष्ट्वा गोमेधेनापि वा पुनः ॥ अग्निष्टोमेन वा सम्यगिह प्रेत्य च पूयते ॥१२-१५९-४८॥
brāhmaṇārthe'pi vā prāṇān santyajet tena śudhyati। aśvamedhena vā api iṣṭvā gom edhena api vā punaḥ॥ agniṣṭomena vā samyak iha pretya ca pūyate॥12-159-48॥
[ब्राह्मणार्थे (brāhmaṇārthe) - for the sake of a Brāhmaṇa; अपि (api) - even; वा (vā) - or; प्राणान् (prāṇān) - lives; सन्त्यजेत् (santyajet) - should abandon; तेन (tena) - by that; शुध्यति (śudhyati) - is purified; अश्वमेधेन (aśvamedhena) - by the horse-sacrifice; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - even; इष्ट्वा (iṣṭvā) - having performed a sacrifice; गोमेधेन (gom edhena) - by the cow-sacrifice; अपि (api) - even; वा (vā) - or; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; अग्निष्टोमेन (agniṣṭomena) - by the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice; वा (vā) - or; सम्यक् (samyak) - properly; इह (iha) - here; प्रेत्य (pretya) - after death; च (ca) - and; पूयते (pūyate) - is purified;]
(For the sake of a Brāhmaṇa, even if one should abandon lives, by that he is purified. By the horse-sacrifice or even having performed a sacrifice by the cow-sacrifice or again, by the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice or properly here and after death, he is purified.)
Even if one gives up his life for the sake of a Brāhmaṇa, he is thereby purified. He is purified by performing the horse-sacrifice, or the cow-sacrifice, or the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice, both in this world and after death.
तथैव द्वादश समाः कपाली ब्रह्महा भवेत्। ब्रह्मचारी चरेद्भैक्षं स्वकर्मोदाहरन्मुनिः ॥१२-१५९-४९॥
tathaiva dvādaśa samāḥ kapālī brahmahā bhavet। brahmacārī caredbhaikṣaṃ svakarmodāharanmuniḥ ॥12-159-49॥
[तथैव (tathaiva) - in the same way; द्वादश (dvādaśa) - twelve; समाः (samāḥ) - years; कपाली (kapālī) - one who carries a skull; ब्रह्महा (brahmahā) - a slayer of a Brāhmaṇa; भवेत् (bhavet) - becomes; ब्रह्मचारी (brahmacārī) - a celibate; चरेत् (caret) - should practice; भैक्षं (bhaikṣaṃ) - alms; स्वकर्म (svakarma) - one's own duty; उदाहरन् (udāharan) - reciting; मुनिः (muniḥ) - sage;]
(In the same way, for twelve years, one who carries a skull becomes a slayer of a Brāhmaṇa. The celibate sage should practice alms, reciting his own duty.)
In the same way, for twelve years, the skull-bearer is considered a Brāhmaṇa-slayer. The celibate sage should live by begging for alms, continually reciting his prescribed duties.
एवं वा तपसा युक्तो ब्रह्महा सवनी भवेत्। एवं वा गर्भमज्ञाता चात्रेयीं योऽभिगच्छति ॥ द्विगुणा ब्रह्महत्या वै आत्रेयीव्यसने भवेत् ॥१२-१५९-५०॥
evaṃ vā tapasā yukto brahmahā savanī bhavet। evaṃ vā garbhamajñātā cātreyīṃ yo'bhigacchati ॥ dviguṇā brahmahatyā vai ātreyīvyasane bhavet ॥12-159-50॥
[एवं (evaṃ) - thus; वा (vā) - or; तपसा (tapasā) - by austerity; युक्तः (yuktaḥ) - engaged; ब्रह्महा (brahmahā) - slayer of a Brāhmaṇa; सवनी (savanī) - at the Soma pressing; भवेत् (bhavet) - may become; एवं (evaṃ) - thus; वा (vā) - or; गर्भमज्ञाता (garbhamajñātā) - one who is ignorant of the embryo; च (ca) - and; आत्रेयीं (ātreyīṃ) - Ātreyī (a ritual or a woman of the Ātreya lineage); यः (yaḥ) - who; अभिगच्छति (abhigacchati) - approaches; द्विगुणा (dviguṇā) - double; ब्रह्महत्या (brahmahatyā) - slaying of a Brāhmaṇa; वै (vai) - indeed; आत्रेयीव्यसने (ātreyīvyasane) - in the misfortune concerning Ātreyī; भवेत् (bhavet) - may become;]
(Thus or by austerity engaged, a slayer of a Brāhmaṇa may become at the Soma pressing. Thus or one ignorant of the embryo and who approaches Ātreyī, double the slaying of a Brāhmaṇa indeed may become in the misfortune concerning Ātreyī.)
Thus, even by austerity, a Brāhmaṇa-slayer may become purified at the Soma pressing. Likewise, one who is ignorant of the embryo and approaches Ātreyī, in the misfortune concerning Ātreyī, incurs double the sin of Brāhmaṇa-slaying.
सुरापो नियताहारो ब्रह्मचारी क्षमाचरः। ऊर्ध्वं त्रिभ्योऽथ वर्षेभ्यो यजेताग्निष्टुता परम् ॥ ऋषभैकसहस्रं गा दत्त्वा शुभमवाप्नुयात् ॥१२-१५९-५१॥
surāpo niyatāhāro brahmacārī kṣamācaraḥ। ūrdhvaṃ tribhyo'tha varṣebhyo yajetāgniṣṭutā param ॥ ṛṣabhaikasahasraṃ gā dattvā śubhamavāpnuyāt ॥12-159-51॥
[सुरापः (surāpaḥ) - one who abstains from liquor; नियताहारः (niyatāhāraḥ) - one who is regulated in food; ब्रह्मचारी (brahmacārī) - celibate; क्षमाचरः (kṣamācaraḥ) - practicing forgiveness; ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvam) - after; त्रिभ्यः (tribhyaḥ) - from three; अथ (atha) - then; वर्षेभ्यः (varṣebhyaḥ) - years; यजेत (yajeta) - should perform sacrifice; अग्निष्टुता (agniṣṭutā) - Agniṣṭuta (a type of sacrifice); परम् (param) - supreme; ऋषभ (ṛṣabha) - bull; एकसहस्रं (ekasahasraṃ) - one thousand; गा (gā) - cows; दत्त्वा (dattvā) - having given; शुभम् (śubham) - auspicious; अवाप्नुयात् (avāpnuyāt) - may obtain;]
(One who abstains from liquor, is regulated in food, is celibate, and practices forgiveness—after three years, then, should perform the supreme Agniṣṭuta sacrifice. Having given one thousand bulls and cows, he may obtain auspiciousness.)
A person who abstains from liquor, maintains regulated food habits, observes celibacy, and practices forgiveness—after three years, should perform the supreme Agniṣṭuta sacrifice. By giving one thousand bulls and cows, he attains auspicious results.
वैश्यं हत्वा तु वर्षे द्वे ऋषभैकशताश्च गाः। शूद्रं हत्वाब्दमेवैकमृषभैकादशाश्च गाः ॥१२-१५९-५२॥
vaiśyaṃ hatvā tu varṣe dve ṛṣabhaikaśatāś ca gāḥ| śūdraṃ hatvā abdam evaikam ṛṣabhaikādaśāś ca gāḥ ॥12-159-52॥
[वैश्यं (vaiśyam) - the Vaiśya; (third varṇa;) हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed; तु (tu) - but; वर्षे (varṣe) - in years; द्वे (dve) - two; ऋषभ (ṛṣabha) - bull; (as a unit of cattle;) एकशताः (ekaśatāḥ) - one hundred; च (ca) - and; गाः (gāḥ) - cows; शूद्रं (śūdram) - the Śūdra; (fourth varṇa;) हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed; अब्दम् (abdam) - year; एव (eva) - only; एकम् (ekam) - one; ऋषभ (ṛṣabha) - bull; (as a unit of cattle;) एकादशाः (ekādaśāḥ) - eleven; च (ca) - and; गाः (gāḥ) - cows;]
(Having killed a Vaiśya, but (the penance is) two years and one hundred bulls and cows; having killed a Śūdra, (the penance is) only one year and eleven bulls and cows.)
If a Vaiśya is killed, the penance is two years and one hundred bulls and cows; if a Śūdra is killed, the penance is one year and eleven bulls and cows.
श्वबर्बरखरान्हत्वा शौद्रमेव व्रतं चरेत्। मार्जारचाषमण्डूकान्काकं भासं च मूषकम् ॥१२-१५९-५३॥
śvabarbarakharān hatvā śaudram eva vrataṃ caret। mārjāra-cāṣa-maṇḍūkān kākaṃ bhāsaṃ ca mūṣakam ॥12-159-53॥
[श्व (śva) - dog; बर्बर (barbara) - barbarian; खरान् (kharān) - asses; हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed; शौद्रम् (śaudram) - of a śūdra; एव (eva) - only; व्रतम् (vratam) - vow; चरेत् (caret) - should observe; मार्जार (mārjāra) - cat; चाष (cāṣa) - heron; मण्डूकान् (maṇḍūkān) - frogs; काकम् (kākam) - crow; भासम् (bhāsam) - vulture; च (ca) - and; मूषकम् (mūṣakam) - mouse;]
(Having killed dogs, barbarians, and asses, one should observe only the vow of a śūdra; (having killed) cats, herons, frogs, a crow, a vulture, and a mouse.)
After killing dogs, barbarians, asses, cats, herons, frogs, crows, vultures, and mice, one should undertake only the vow prescribed for a śūdra.
उक्तः पशुसमो धर्मो राजन्प्राणिनिपातनात्। प्रायश्चित्तान्यथान्यानि प्रवक्ष्याम्यनुपूर्वशः ॥१२-१५९-५४॥
uktaḥ paśusamo dharmo rājanprāṇinipātanāt। prāyaścittānyathānyāni pravakṣyāmyanupūrvaśaḥ ॥12-159-54॥
[उक्तः (uktaḥ) - said; पशुसमः (paśusamaḥ) - like an animal; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; राजन् (rājan) - O king; प्राणिनि (prāṇini) - towards a living being; पातनात् (pātanāt) - from killing; प्रायश्चित्तानि (prāyaścittāni) - expiations; अथ (atha) - now; अन्यानि (anyāni) - other; प्रवक्ष्यामि (pravakṣyāmi) - I shall explain; अनुपूर्वशः (anupūrvaśaḥ) - in order;]
(Said: like an animal is the duty, O king, from killing a living being. Now, other expiations I shall explain in order.)
It is said, O king, that the duty is like that of an animal when it comes to killing a living being. Now, I shall explain the other expiations in order.
तल्पे चान्यस्य चौर्ये च पृथक्संवत्सरं चरेत्। त्रीणि श्रोत्रियभार्यायां परदारे तु द्वे स्मृते ॥१२-१५९-५५॥
talpe cānyasya caurye ca pṛthaksaṃvatsaraṃ caret। trīṇi śrotriyabhāryāyāṃ paradāre tu dve smṛte ॥12-159-55॥
[तल्पे (talpe) - on the bed; (of another) च (ca) - and; अन्यस्य (anyasya) - of another; चौर्ये (caurye) - in theft; च (ca) - and; पृथक् (pṛthak) - separately; संवत्सरं (saṃvatsaraṃ) - a year; चरेत् (caret) - should undergo (penance); त्रीणि (trīṇi) - three; श्रोत्रियभार्यायां (śrotriyabhāryāyāṃ) - with a wife of a learned Brahmin; परदारे (paradāre) - with another's wife; तु (tu) - but; द्वे (dve) - two; स्मृते (smṛte) - are considered;]
(On the bed (of another) and in theft, he should undergo penance separately for a year. For three (years) with the wife of a learned Brahmin, but with another's wife, two are considered.)
If one commits adultery on another's bed or theft, he should perform penance separately for a year. For union with the wife of a learned Brahmin, three years; but with another's wife, two years are prescribed.
काले चतुर्थे भुञ्जानो ब्रह्मचारी व्रती भवेत्। स्थानासनाभ्यां विहरेत्त्रिरह्नोऽभ्युदितादपः ॥ एवमेव निराचान्तो यश्चाग्नीनपविध्यति ॥१२-१५९-५६॥
kāle caturthe bhuñjāno brahmacārī vratī bhavet। sthānāsanābhyāṃ viharettirahnobhyuditādapaḥ ॥ evameva nirācānto yaścāgnīnapavidhyati ॥12-159-56॥
[काले (kāle) - at the time; (locative singular of kāla) चतुर्थे (caturthe) - fourth; (locative singular of caturtha) भुञ्जानः (bhuñjānaḥ) - eating; (present participle of bhuj) ब्रह्मचारी (brahmacārī) - celibate student; (one who follows brahma) व्रती (vratī) - observer of vows; (from vrata) भवेत् (bhavet) - should be; (optative of bhū) स्थानासनाभ्यां (sthānāsanābhyām) - by standing and sitting; (instrumental dual of sthāna and āsana) विहरेत् (viharet) - should move about; (optative of vi-hṛ) त्रिरह्नः (trirahnāḥ) - of three days; (genitive plural of trirātra) अभ्युदितात् (abhyuditāt) - from the rising; (ablative singular of abhyudita) अपः (apaḥ) - water; (accusative plural of ap) एवम् (evam) - thus; (indeclinable) एव (eva) - indeed; (emphatic particle) निराचान्तः (nirācāntaḥ) - one who has not rinsed the mouth; (from nir-ā-cam) यः (yaḥ) - who; (relative pronoun) च (ca) - and; (conjunction) अग्नीन् (agnīn) - fires; (accusative plural of agni) अपविध्यति (apavidhyati) - throws away; (present of apa-vi-dhā) १२-१५९-५६ (12-159-56) - 12-159-56; (verse number);]
(At the fourth time, eating, the brahmacārī should be an observer of vows. By standing and sitting, he should move about; for three days, from the rising, water. Thus indeed, one who has not rinsed the mouth and who throws away the fires. 12-159-56.)
At the fourth period, the brahmacārī, while eating, should observe vows. He should move about by standing and sitting; for three days, from sunrise, with water. Likewise, one who has not rinsed his mouth and who discards the fires. 12-159-56.
त्यजत्यकारणे यश्च पितरं मातरं तथा। पतितः स्यात्स कौरव्य तथा धर्मेषु निश्चयः ॥१२-१५९-५७॥
tyajatyakāraṇe yaśca pitaraṃ mātaraṃ tathā। patitaḥ syātsa kauravya tathā dharmeṣu niścayaḥ ॥12-159-57॥
[त्यजति (tyajati) - abandons; अकारणे (akāraṇe) - without cause; यः (yaḥ) - who; च (ca) - and; पितरं (pitaraṃ) - father; मातरं (mātaraṃ) - mother; तथा (tathā) - also; पतितः (patitaḥ) - fallen; स्यात् (syāt) - becomes; सः (saḥ) - he; कौरव्य (kauravya) - O Kauravya; तथा (tathā) - also; धर्मेषु (dharmeṣu) - in dharmas; निश्चयः (niścayaḥ) - certainty;]
(Who, without cause, abandons father and mother also, he becomes fallen, O Kauravya, also this is the certainty in dharmas.)
O Kauravya, one who abandons his father and mother without cause is certainly considered fallen; this is the established principle in matters of dharma.
ग्रासाच्छादनमत्यर्थं दद्यादिति निदर्शनम्। भार्यायां व्यभिचारिण्यां निरुद्धायां विशेषतः ॥ यत्पुंसां परदारेषु तच्चैनां चारयेद्व्रतम् ॥१२-१५९-५८॥
grāsācchādanamatyarthaṃ dadyāditi nidarśanam। bhāryāyāṃ vyabhicāriṇyāṃ niruddhāyāṃ viśeṣataḥ ॥ yatpuṃsāṃ paradāreṣu taccaināṃ cārayedvratam ॥12-159-58॥
[ग्रास (grāsa) - food; आच्छादनम् (ācchādanam) - clothing; अत्यर्थम् (atyartham) - excessively; दद्यात् (dadyāt) - should give; इति (iti) - thus; निदर्शनम् (nidarśanam) - example; भार्यायाम् (bhāryāyām) - in wife; व्यभिचारिण्याम् (vyabhicāriṇyām) - adulterous; निरुद्धायाम् (niruddhāyām) - confined; विशेषतः (viśeṣataḥ) - especially; यत् (yat) - which; पुंसाम् (puṃsām) - of men; परदारेषु (paradāreṣu) - with other men's wives; तत् (tat) - that; च (ca) - and; एनाम् (enām) - her; चारयेत् (cārayet) - should make perform; व्रतम् (vratam) - penance;]
(Food and clothing excessively should be given—thus (is) the example. In the case of a wife, adulterous, confined, especially; which of men with other men's wives, that and her should make perform penance.)
This is an example that food and clothing should be given even excessively. Especially, if the wife is adulterous and confined, and if she has relations with other men, then she should be made to perform a penance.
श्रेयांसं शयने हित्वा या पापीयांसमृच्छति। श्वभिस्तां खादयेद्राजा संस्थाने बहुसंवृते ॥१२-१५९-५९॥
śreyāṁsaṁ śayane hitvā yā pāpīyāṁsam ṛcchati। śvabhis tāṁ khādayed rājā saṁsthāne bahusaṁvṛte ॥12-159-59॥
[श्रेयांसम् (śreyāṁsam) - better; शयने (śayane) - on the bed; हित्वा (hitvā) - having abandoned; या (yā) - who; पापीयांसम् (pāpīyāṁsam) - worse; ऋच्छति (ṛcchati) - approaches; श्वभिः (śvabhiḥ) - by dogs; ताम् (tām) - her; खादयेत् (khādayet) - should cause to be eaten; राजा (rājā) - the king; संस्थाने (saṁsthāne) - in the place; बहुसंवृते (bahusaṁvṛte) - well-guarded;]
(Having abandoned the better on the bed, who approaches the worse, her the king should cause to be eaten by dogs in a well-guarded place.)
If a woman forsakes her superior husband lying on the bed and approaches an inferior one, the king should have her devoured by dogs in a well-guarded place.
पुमांसं बन्धयेत्प्राज्ञः शयने तप्त आयसे। अप्यादधीत दारूणि तत्र दह्येत पापकृत् ॥१२-१५९-६०॥
pumāṁsaṁ bandhayet prājñaḥ śayane tapta āyase। apy ādadhīta dāruṇi tatra dahyeta pāpakṛt ॥12-159-60॥
[पुमांसम् (pumāṁsam) - man; masculine being; बन्धयेत् (bandhayet) - should bind; प्राज्ञः (prājñaḥ) - wise person; शयने (śayane) - on a bed; तप्त (tapta) - heated; आयसे (āyase) - iron; अपि (api) - even; आदधीत (ādadhīta) - should place; दारूणि (dāruṇi) - wood; तत्र (tatra) - there; दह्येत (dahyeta) - should be burned; पापकृत् (pāpakṛt) - evil-doer;]
(The wise person should bind the man on a bed of heated iron; even (he) should place wood there; there the evil-doer should be burned.)
A wise person should bind the man on a bed of heated iron; he should also place wood there, so that the evil-doer is burned.
एष दण्डो महाराज स्त्रीणां भर्तृव्यतिक्रमे। संवत्सराभिशस्तस्य दुष्टस्य द्विगुणो भवेत् ॥१२-१५९-६१॥
eṣa daṇḍo mahārāja strīṇāṃ bhartṛvyatikrame। saṃvatsarābhiśastasya duṣṭasya dviguṇo bhavet ॥12-159-61॥
[एष (eṣa) - this; दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - punishment; महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king; स्त्रीणाम् (strīṇām) - of women; भर्तृव्यतिक्रमे (bhartṛ-vyatikrame) - in the transgression against husband; संवत्सर-अभिशस्तस्य (saṃvatsara-abhiśastasya) - condemned for a year; दुष्टस्य (duṣṭasya) - of the wicked; द्विगुणः (dviguṇaḥ) - double; भवेत् (bhavet) - should be;]
(This punishment, O great king, for women in the transgression against husband; for one condemned for a year, of the wicked, it should be double.)
O great king, this is the punishment for women who transgress against their husbands; for a wicked woman condemned for a year, the punishment should be doubled.
द्वे तस्य त्रीणि वर्षाणि चत्वारि सहसेविनः। कुचरः पञ्च वर्षाणि चरेद्भैक्षं मुनिव्रतः ॥१२-१५९-६२॥
dve tasya trīṇi varṣāṇi catvāri sahasevinaḥ। kucaraḥ pañca varṣāṇi caredbhaikṣaṃ munivrataḥ ॥12-159-62॥
[द्वे (dve) - two; तस्य (tasya) - of him; त्रीणि (trīṇi) - three; वर्षाणि (varṣāṇi) - years; चत्वारि (catvāri) - four; सहसेविनः (sahasevinaḥ) - of the co-dweller; कुचरः (kucaraḥ) - forest-dweller; पञ्च (pañca) - five; वर्षाणि (varṣāṇi) - years; चरेत् (cared) - should live; भैक्षं (bhaikṣaṃ) - on alms; मुनिव्रतः (munivrataḥ) - with the vow of a sage;]
(Two (years) of him, three years, four (years) of the co-dweller; the forest-dweller should live five years on alms with the vow of a sage.)
He should spend two years, three years, and four years as a co-dweller; as a forest-dweller, he should live for five years on alms, following the vow of a sage.
परिवित्तिः परिवेत्ता यया च परिविद्यते। पाणिग्राहश्च धर्मेण सर्वे ते पतिताः स्मृताः ॥१२-१५९-६३॥
parivittiḥ parivettā yayā ca parividyate। pāṇigrāhaśca dharmeṇa sarve te patitāḥ smṛtāḥ ॥12-159-63॥
[परिवित्तिः (parivittiḥ) - the one who gives away (a woman in marriage); परिवेत्ता (parivettā) - the one who receives (a woman in marriage); यया (yayā) - by whom (the woman); च (ca) - and; परिविद्यते (parividyate) - is given/received in marriage; पाणिग्राहः (pāṇigrāhaḥ) - the one who takes the hand (bridegroom); च (ca) - and; धर्मेण (dharmeṇa) - according to dharma; सर्वे (sarve) - all; ते (te) - they; पतिताः (patitāḥ) - fallen; स्मृताः (smṛtāḥ) - are considered;]
(The one who gives away (a woman in marriage), the one who receives, by whom and through whom she is given/received, the bridegroom who takes the hand, and all those, according to dharma, are considered fallen.)
Those who give away, receive, or are involved in the giving and receiving of a woman in marriage, including the bridegroom, when done according to dharma, are all considered fallen.
चरेयुः सर्व एवैते वीरहा यद्व्रतं चरेत्। चान्द्रायणं चरेन्मासं कृच्छ्रं वा पापशुद्धये ॥१२-१५९-६४॥
careyuḥ sarva evāite vīrahā yadvrataṃ caret। cāndrāyaṇaṃ carenmāsaṃ kṛcchraṃ vā pāpaśuddhaye ॥12-159-64॥
[चरेयुः (careyuḥ) - they should perform; सर्वे (sarve) - all; एव (eva) - indeed; एते (ete) - these; वीरहा (vīrahā) - slayers of heroes; यत् (yat) - which; व्रतम् (vratam) - vow; चरेत् (caret) - should perform; चान्द्रायणम् (cāndrāyaṇam) - Cāndrāyaṇa (a lunar penance); चरेत् (caret) - should perform; मासम् (māsam) - for a month; कृच्छ्रम् (kṛcchram) - Kṛcchra (a difficult penance); वा (vā) - or; पापशुद्धये (pāpaśuddhaye) - for the purification of sin;]
(They should perform, all indeed these slayers of heroes, whichever vow should be performed. Cāndrāyaṇa should be performed for a month, or Kṛcchra, for the purification of sin.)
All these slayers of heroes should undertake whichever vow is prescribed. They should perform the Cāndrāyaṇa penance for a month, or the Kṛcchra penance, for the purification of sin.
परिवेत्ता प्रयच्छेत परिवित्ताय तां स्नुषाम्। ज्येष्ठेन त्वभ्यनुज्ञातो यवीयान्प्रत्यनन्तरम् ॥ एनसो मोक्षमाप्नोति सा च तौ चैव धर्मतः ॥१२-१५९-६५॥
parivettā prayacchet parivittāya tāṃ snuṣām। jyeṣṭhena tvabhyanujñāto yavīyānpratyanantaram ॥ enaso mokṣamāpnoti sā ca tau caiva dharmataḥ ॥12-159-65॥
[परिवेत्ता (parivettā) - the one who has authority over (the woman); प्रयच्छेत् (prayacchet) - should give; परिवित्ताय (parivittāya) - to the one who is next in authority; ताम् (tām) - her; (the) woman; स्नुषाम् (snuṣām) - daughter-in-law; ज्येष्ठेन (jyeṣṭhena) - by the elder (brother); तु (tu) - but; अभ्यनुज्ञातः (abhyanujñātaḥ) - having been permitted; यवीयान् (yavīyān) - the younger (brother); प्रत्यनन्तरम् (pratyanantaram) - immediately next (in succession); एनसः (enasaḥ) - from sin; मोक्षम् (mokṣam) - liberation; आप्नोति (āpnoti) - attains; सा (sā) - she; च (ca) - and; तौ (tau) - those two; चैव (caiva) - and indeed; धर्मतः (dharmataḥ) - according to dharma;]
(The one who has authority should give the woman (daughter-in-law) to the next in authority; but the younger (brother), having been permitted by the elder, who is immediately next (in succession). From sin, liberation is attained—she and those two, indeed, according to dharma.)
The one with authority should give the daughter-in-law to the next in authority; the younger brother, having been permitted by the elder who is next in succession, may do so. By this, liberation from sin is attained—she and both of them, according to dharma.
अमानुषीषु गोवर्जमनावृष्टिर्न दुष्यति। अधिष्ठातारमत्तारं पशूनां पुरुषं विदुः ॥१२-१५९-६६॥
amānuṣīṣu govarjamanāvṛṣṭir na duṣyati। adhiṣṭhātāram attāraṃ paśūnāṃ puruṣaṃ viduḥ ॥12-159-66॥
[अमानुषीषु (amānuṣīṣu) - among non-human beings; गोवर्जम् (govarjam) - cow-dung; अनावृष्टिः (anāvṛṣṭiḥ) - drought; न (na) - not; दुष्यति (duṣyati) - is spoiled; अधिष्ठातारम् (adhiṣṭhātāram) - the presiding deity; अत्तारम् (attāram) - the eater; पशूनाम् (paśūnām) - of animals; पुरुषम् (puruṣam) - the person; विदुः (viduḥ) - they know;]
(Among non-human beings, cow-dung is not spoiled by drought. They know the person as the presiding deity and eater of animals.)
Among non-human beings, cow-dung is not spoiled even in drought. The person who is both the presiding deity and the eater of animals is recognized as such.
परिधायोर्ध्ववालं तु पात्रमादाय मृन्मयम्। चरेत्सप्त गृहान्भैक्षं स्वकर्म परिकीर्तयन् ॥१२-१५९-६७॥
paridhāyordhva-vālaṃ tu pātram ādāya mṛnmayam। caret sapta gṛhān bhaikṣyaṃ svakarma parikīrtayan ॥12-159-67॥
[परिधाय (paridhāya) - having put on; (from pari-dhā, to put on) ऊर्ध्ववालं (ūrdhva-vālam) - with upper garment; (ūrdhva: upward, vāla: garment) तु (tu) - but; पात्रम् (pātram) - vessel; आदाय (ādāya) - having taken; (from ā-√dā, to take) मृन्मयम् (mṛnmayam) - made of clay; चरेत् (caret) - should go; (from √car, to move, go) सप्त (sapta) - seven; गृहान् (gṛhān) - houses; भैक्ष्यम् (bhaikṣyam) - alms; (from bhikṣā, alms) स्वकर्म (svakarma) - one's own duty; परिकीर्तयन् (parikīrtayan) - reciting; (from pari-√kīrt, to recite, proclaim);]
(Having put on the upper garment, but having taken a vessel made of clay, one should go to seven houses for alms, reciting one's own duty.)
Wearing the upper garment, and taking a clay vessel, one should go to seven houses for alms, reciting one's own duty.
तत्रैव लब्धभोजी स्याद्द्वादशाहात्स शुध्यति। चरेत्संवत्सरं चापि तद्व्रतं यन्निराकृति ॥१२-१५९-६८॥
tatraiva labdhabhojī syāddvādaśāhāts śudhyati। caretsaṃvatsaraṃ cāpi tadvrataṃ yannirākṛti ॥12-159-68॥
[तत्रैव (tatraiva) - there itself; लब्धभोजी (labdhabhojī) - having obtained food; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; द्वादशाहात् (dvādaśāhāt) - after twelve days; सः (saḥ) - he; शुध्यति (śudhyati) - becomes purified; चरेत् (caret) - should practice; संवत्सरम् (saṃvatsaram) - for a year; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; तत् (tat) - that; व्रतम् (vratam) - vow; यत् (yat) - which; निराकृति (nirākṛti) - without form;]
(There itself, having obtained food, he should be; after twelve days, he becomes purified. He should also practice that vow which is without form for a year.)
He should remain there itself, subsisting on whatever food he obtains; after twelve days, he becomes purified. He should also observe that formless vow for a year.
भवेत्तु मानुषेष्वेवं प्रायश्चित्तमनुत्तमम्। दानं वादानसक्तेषु सर्वमेव प्रकल्पयेत् ॥ अनास्तिकेषु गोमात्रं प्राणमेकं प्रचक्षते ॥१२-१५९-६९॥
bhavettu mānuṣeṣvevaṃ prāyaścittamanuttamam। dānaṃ vādānasakteṣu sarvameva prakalpayet ॥ anāstikeṣu gomātraṃ prāṇamekaṃ pracakṣate ॥12-159-69॥
[भवेत् (bhavet) - let it be; become; तु (tu) - but; indeed; मानुषेषु (mānuṣeṣu) - among humans; एवं (evaṃ) - thus; in this way; प्रायश्चित्तम् (prāyaścittam) - expiation; atonement; अनुत्तमम् (anuttamam) - unsurpassed; highest; दानम् (dānam) - gift; donation; वा (vā) - or; अदानसक्तेषु (adānasakteṣu) - in those not attached to giving; सर्वम् (sarvam) - all; everything; एव (eva) - indeed; certainly; प्रकल्पयेत् (prakalpayet) - should arrange; should prescribe; अनास्तिकेषु (anāstikeṣu) - among non-believers; गोमात्रम् (gomātram) - the measure of a cow; (here: a small amount, as much as a cow's worth); प्राणम् (prāṇam) - life; vital breath; एकम् (ekam) - one; single; प्रचक्षते (pracakṣate) - they declare; they say;]
(Let there be, indeed, among humans, thus, the unsurpassed expiation. Gift or, in those not attached to giving, all indeed should be prescribed. Among non-believers, the measure of a cow, one life, they declare.)
Thus, among humans, the highest expiation is prescribed. For those not attached to giving, all forms of donation should be arranged. Among non-believers, they declare that the expiation is as much as the life of a cow, or a single life.
श्ववराहमनुष्याणां कुक्कुटस्य खरस्य च। मांसं मूत्रपुरीषं च प्राश्य संस्कारमर्हति ॥१२-१५९-७०॥
śvavarāhamanuṣyāṇāṃ kukkuṭasya kharasya ca। māṃsaṃ mūtrapurīṣaṃ ca prāśya saṃskāramarhati ॥12-159-70॥
[श्व (śva) - dog; वराह (varāha) - boar; मनुष्याणां (manuṣyāṇām) - of humans; कुक्कुटस्य (kukkuṭasya) - of cock; खरस्य (kharasya) - of ass; च (ca) - and; मांसं (māṃsaṃ) - meat; मूत्र (mūtra) - urine; पुरीषं (purīṣaṃ) - excrement; च (ca) - and; प्राश्य (prāśya) - having eaten; संस्कारम् (saṃskāram) - purification; अर्हति (arhati) - deserves;]
(Having eaten the meat, urine, or excrement of dog, boar, human, cock, or ass, one deserves purification.)
One who has eaten the flesh, urine, or excrement of a dog, boar, human, cock, or ass is fit for purification.
ब्राह्मणस्य सुरापस्य गन्धमाघ्राय सोमपः। अपस्त्र्यहं पिबेदुष्णास्त्र्यहमुष्णं पयः पिबेत् ॥ त्र्यहमुष्णं घृतं पीत्वा वायुभक्षो भवेत्त्र्यहम् ॥१२-१५९-७१॥
brāhmaṇasya surāpasya gandhamāghrāya somapaḥ। apastryahaṃ pibeduṣṇāstryahamuṣṇaṃ payaḥ pibet ॥ tryahamuṣṇaṃ ghṛtaṃ pītvā vāyubhakṣo bhavetryaham ॥12-159-71॥
[ब्राह्मणस्य (brāhmaṇasya) - of a Brāhmaṇa; सुरापस्य (surāpasya) - of one who has drunk liquor; गन्धम् (gandham) - smell; आघ्राय (āghrāya) - having smelled; सोमपः (somapaḥ) - the drinker of Soma; अप (apa) - water; त्र्यहम् (tryaham) - for three days; पिबेत् (pibet) - should drink; उष्णात् (uṣṇāt) - warm; त्र्यहम् (tryaham) - for three days; उष्णं (uṣṇaṃ) - warm; पयः (payaḥ) - milk; पिबेत् (pibet) - should drink; त्र्यहम् (tryaham) - for three days; उष्णं (uṣṇaṃ) - warm; घृतं (ghṛtaṃ) - ghee; पीत्वा (pītvā) - having drunk; वायुभक्षः (vāyubhakṣaḥ) - subsisting on air; भवेत् (bhavet) - should become; त्र्यहम् (tryaham) - for three days;]
(Having smelled the odor of liquor from a Brāhmaṇa, the drinker of Soma should drink water for three days; for three days he should drink warm milk; having drunk warm ghee for three days, he should subsist on air for three days.)
If a drinker of Soma smells the odor of liquor from a Brāhmaṇa, he should drink water for three days, then warm milk for three days, then, after drinking warm ghee for three days, he should subsist on air for three days.
एवमेतत्समुद्दिष्टं प्रायश्चित्तं सनातनम्। ब्राह्मणस्य विशेषेण तत्त्वज्ञानेन जायते ॥१२-१५९-७२॥
evametatsamuddiṣṭaṃ prāyaścittaṃ sanātanam। brāhmaṇasya viśeṣeṇa tattvajñānena jāyate ॥12-159-72॥
[एवम् (evam) - thus; एतत् (etat) - this; समुद्दिष्टं (samuddiṣṭam) - prescribed; प्रायश्चित्तं (prāyaścittam) - expiation; सनातनम् (sanātanam) - eternal; ब्राह्मणस्य (brāhmaṇasya) - of the Brāhmaṇa; विशेषेण (viśeṣeṇa) - especially; तत्त्वज्ञानेन (tattvajñānena) - by true knowledge; जायते (jāyate) - arises;]
(Thus this prescribed expiation is eternal. For the Brāhmaṇa, especially, it arises by true knowledge.)
Thus, this prescribed expiation is eternal; for the Brāhmaṇa, especially, it arises through true knowledge.
