13.044
विवाहधर्माः
vivāhadharmāḥ
[विवाह (vivāha) - marriage; union; धर्माः (dharmāḥ) - duties; laws;]
(marriage duties; laws;)
Duties and laws of marriage.
युधिष्ठिर उवाच॥
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca॥
[युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira; (proper name); उवाच (uvāca) - said; spoke;]
(Yudhiṣṭhira said;)
Yudhiṣṭhira said.
यन्मूलं सर्वधर्माणां प्रजनस्य गृहस्य च। पितृदेवातिथीनां च तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥१३-४४-१॥
yanmūlaṃ sarvadharmāṇāṃ prajanasya gṛhasya ca। pitṛdevātithīnāṃ ca tanme brūhi pitāmaha ॥13-44-1॥
[यत् (yat) - which; मूलं (mūlaṃ) - root; सर्वधर्माणां (sarvadharmāṇāṃ) - of all dharmas; प्रजनस्य (pra-janasya) - of progeny; गृहस्य (gṛhasya) - of the house; च (ca) - and; पितृ (pitṛ) - of the father; देव (deva) - of the deity; अतिथीनां (atithīnāṃ) - of guests; च (ca) - and; तत् (tat) - that; मे (me) - to me; ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell; पितामह (pitāmaha) - O grandsire;]
(Which root of all dharmas, of progeny, of the house and of the father, deity, guests and that to me tell, O grandsire.)
O grandsire, tell me that which is the root of all dharmas, of progeny, of the house, and of the father, deity, and guests. (13-44-1)
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma; (name of a person); उवाच (uvāca) - said; spoke;]
(Bhishma said;)
Bhishma said.
अयं हि सर्वधर्माणां धर्मश्चिन्त्यतमो मतः। कीदृशाय प्रदेया स्यात्कन्येति वसुधाधिप ॥१३-४४-२॥
ayaṃ hi sarvadharmāṇāṃ dharmaścintyatamo mataḥ। kīdṛśāya pradeyā syāt kanyeti vasudhādhipa ॥13-44-2॥
[अयम् (ayam) - this; हि (hi) - indeed; सर्वधर्माणाम् (sarvadharmāṇām) - of all dharmas; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - dharma; चिन्त्यतमः (cintyatamaḥ) - most to be considered; मतः (mataḥ) - regarded; कीदृशाय (kīdṛśāya) - to what kind (of person); प्रदेया (pradeyā) - should be given; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; इति (iti) - thus; वसुधाधिप (vasudhādhipa) - O lord of the earth;]
(This indeed of all dharmas is regarded as the most to be considered: to what kind (of person) should the maiden be given thus, O lord of the earth.)
O lord of the earth, among all dharmas, this is regarded as the most important: to whom should the maiden be given?
शीलवृत्ते समाज्ञाय विद्यां योनिं च कर्म च। अद्भिरेव प्रदातव्या कन्या गुणवते वरे ॥ ब्राह्मणानां सतामेष धर्मो नित्यं युधिष्ठिर ॥१३-४४-३॥
śīlavṛtte samājñāya vidyāṃ yoniṃ ca karma ca। adbhireva pradātavyā kanyā guṇavate vare॥ brāhmaṇānāṃ satāmeṣa dharmo nityaṃ yudhiṣṭhira॥13-44-3॥
[शीलवृत्ते (śīlavṛtte) - in character and conduct; समाज्ञाय (samājñāya) - having ascertained; विद्यां (vidyām) - knowledge; योनिं (yoniṃ) - lineage; च (ca) - and; कर्म (karma) - deeds; च (ca) - and; अद्भिः (adbhiḥ) - with water; एव (eva) - indeed; प्रदातव्या (pradātavyā) - should be given; कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; गुणवते (guṇavate) - to the virtuous; वरे (vare) - suitor; ब्राह्मणानां (brāhmaṇānām) - of the Brāhmaṇas; सताम् (satām) - of the good; एष (eṣa) - this; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; नित्यम् (nityam) - always; युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhiṣṭhira;]
(Having ascertained character and conduct, knowledge, lineage, and deeds, indeed with water, the maiden should be given to a virtuous suitor; this is always the duty of the good Brāhmaṇas, O Yudhiṣṭhira. (13-44-3))
O Yudhiṣṭhira, after ascertaining character, conduct, knowledge, lineage, and deeds, the maiden should be given to a virtuous suitor with water; this is always the duty of good Brāhmaṇas. (13-44-3)
आवाह्यमावहेदेवं यो दद्यादनुकूलतः। शिष्टानां क्षत्रियाणां च धर्म एष सनातनः ॥१३-४४-४॥
āvāhyam āvahed evaṃ yo dadyād anukūlataḥ। śiṣṭānāṃ kṣatriyāṇāṃ ca dharma eṣa sanātanaḥ ॥13-44-4॥
[आवाह्यम् (āvāhyam) - to be invited; (object); आवहेत् (āvahet) - should bring; (verb); एवम् (evaṃ) - thus; in this way; यः (yaḥ) - who; (relative pronoun); दद्यात् (dadyāt) - should give; (verb); अनुकूलतः (anukūlataḥ) - favorably; suitably; शिष्टानाम् (śiṣṭānām) - of the learned; of the noble; क्षत्रियाणाम् (kṣatriyāṇām) - of the kṣatriyas; (warrior class); च (ca) - and; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; law; एषः (eṣaḥ) - this; सनातनः (sanātanaḥ) - eternal;]
(To be invited, should bring thus, who should give favorably; of the learned, of the kṣatriyas and, duty this eternal.)
It is the eternal duty of the learned and kṣatriyas to invite (the priest), bring him thus, and give (the fee) favorably. (13-44-4)
आत्माभिप्रेतमुत्सृज्य कन्याभिप्रेत एव यः। अभिप्रेता च या यस्य तस्मै देया युधिष्ठिर ॥ गान्धर्वमिति तं धर्मं प्राहुर्धर्मविदो जनाः ॥१३-४४-५॥
ātmābhipretam utsṛjya kanyābhipreta eva yaḥ। abhipretā ca yā yasya tasmai deyā yudhiṣṭhira ॥ gāndharvam iti taṃ dharmaṃ prāhur dharmavido janāḥ ॥13-44-5॥
[आत्मा (ātmā) - self; अभिप्रेतम् (abhipretam) - desired; उत्सृज्य (utsṛjya) - having abandoned; कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; अभिप्रेत (abhipreta) - desired; एव (eva) - indeed; यः (yaḥ) - who; अभिप्रेता (abhipretā) - desired; च (ca) - and; या (yā) - who (feminine); यस्यम् (yasya) - of whom; तस्मै (tasmai) - to him; देया (deyā) - should be given; युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhishthira; गान्धर्वम् (gāndharvam) - Gandharva (marriage); इति (iti) - thus; तम् (tam) - that; धर्मम् (dharmaṃ) - duty; प्राहुः (prāhuḥ) - they declare; धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - knowers of dharma; जनाः (janāḥ) - people;]
(Having abandoned what is desired by oneself, he who indeed desires the maiden; and the maiden who is desired by him, to him she should be given, O Yudhishthira. Thus, people who know dharma declare that as the Gandharva (marriage) dharma. (13-44-5))
O Yudhishthira, when a man, setting aside his own wishes, desires a maiden, and she also desires him, she should be given to him. People who know dharma declare this as the Gandharva form of marriage. (13-44-5)
धनेन बहुना क्रीत्वा सम्प्रलोभ्य च बान्धवान्। असुराणां नृपैतं वै धर्ममाहुर्मनीषिणः ॥१३-४४-६॥
dhanena bahunā krītvā sampralobhya ca bāndhavān। asurāṇāṃ nṛpaitaṃ vai dharmam āhur manīṣiṇaḥ ॥13-44-6॥
[धनेन (dhanena) - with wealth; बहुना (bahunā) - abundant; क्रीत्वा (krītvā) - having bought; सम्प्रलोभ्य (sampralobhya) - having thoroughly enticed; च (ca) - and; बान्धवान् (bāndhavān) - relatives; असुराणां (asurāṇām) - of the asuras; नृपैतं (nṛpaitam) - kingship; वै (vai) - indeed; धर्मम् (dharmam) - dharma; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; मनीषिणः (manīṣiṇaḥ) - the wise;]
(With abundant wealth, having bought and thoroughly enticed relatives, the wise say that kingship of the asuras is indeed dharma.)
The wise declare that the rule of the asuras is considered dharma when, by abundant wealth, one buys and thoroughly entices relatives. (13-44-6)
हत्वा छित्त्वा च शीर्षाणि रुदतां रुदतीं गृहात्। प्रसह्य हरणं तात राक्षसं धर्मलक्षणम् ॥१३-४४-७॥
hatvā chittvā ca śīrṣāṇi rudatāṃ rudatīṃ gṛhāt। prasahya haraṇaṃ tāta rākṣasaṃ dharmalakṣaṇam ॥13-44-7॥
[हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed; छित्त्वा (chittvā) - having cut off; च (ca) - and; शीर्षाणि (śīrṣāṇi) - heads; रुदतां (rudatāṃ) - of those who are weeping (masculine); रुदतीं (rudatīṃ) - weeping (feminine); गृहात् (gṛhāt) - from the house; प्रसह्य (prasahya) - by force; हरणं (haraṇam) - abduction; तात (tāta) - O dear one; राक्षसं (rākṣasaṃ) - rākṣasa (demonic); धर्मलक्षणम् (dharmalakṣaṇam) - characteristic of dharma;]
(Having killed, having cut off, and heads of those who are weeping, the weeping (woman), from the house; by force, abduction, O dear one, rākṣasa (demonic), characteristic of dharma. (13-44-7))
O dear one, killing, cutting off the heads of the weeping, and forcibly abducting a weeping woman from her house—such abduction is the dharma-characteristic of rākṣasas. (13-44-7)
पञ्चानां तु त्रयो धर्म्या द्वावधर्म्यौ युधिष्ठिर। पैशाच आसुरश्चैव न कर्तव्यौ कथञ्चन ॥१३-४४-८॥
pañcānāṃ tu trayo dharmyā dvāvadharmyau yudhiṣṭhira। paiśāca āsuraścaiva na kartavyau kathañcana ॥13-44-8॥
[पञ्चानां (pañcānāṃ) - of the five; तु (tu) - but; त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three; धर्म्याः (dharmyāḥ) - righteous; द्वौ (dvau) - two; अधर्म्यौ (adharmyau) - unrighteous; युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhishthira; पैशाच (paiśāca) - the Paiśāca; आसुरः (āsuraḥ) - the Āsura; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; न (na) - not; कर्तव्यौ (kartavyau) - to be done; कथञ्चन (kathañcana) - in any way;]
(Of the five, but three are righteous, two are unrighteous, O Yudhishthira. The Paiśāca and Āsura, indeed, are not to be done in any way. (13-44-8))
Of the five, three are righteous and two are unrighteous, O Yudhishthira. The Paiśāca and Āsura types are never to be practiced in any way. (13-44-8)
ब्राह्मः क्षात्रोऽथ गान्धर्व एते धर्म्या नरर्षभ। पृथग्वा यदि वा मिश्राः कर्तव्या नात्र संशयः ॥१३-४४-९॥
brāhmaḥ kṣātro'tha gāndharva ete dharmyā nararṣabha। pṛthagvā yadi vā miśrāḥ kartavyā nātra saṃśayaḥ ॥13-44-9॥
[ब्राह्मः (brāhmaḥ) - of a brāhma (brahmanical); क्षात्रः (kṣātraḥ) - of a kṣātra (royal/warrior); अथ (atha) - and; then; गान्धर्वः (gāndharvaḥ) - of a gāndharva (gandharva); एते (ete) - these; धर्म्याः (dharmyāḥ) - righteous; in accordance with dharma; नरर्षभ (nararṣabha) - O bull among men; पृथक् (pṛthak) - separately; वा (vā) - or; यदि (yadi) - if; वा (vā) - or; मिश्राः (miśrāḥ) - mixed; कर्तव्याः (kartavyāḥ) - to be performed; duties; न (na) - not; अत्र (atra) - here; संशयः (saṃśayaḥ) - doubt;]
(Of a brāhma, of a kṣātra, and of a gāndharva, these righteous, O bull among men; separately or if mixed, duties are to be performed; not here doubt; (13-44-9))
O best of men, the righteous duties of the brāhma, kṣātra, and gāndharva types—whether separately or mixed—are to be performed; there is no doubt about this. (13-44-9)
तिस्रो भार्या ब्राह्मणस्य द्वे भार्ये क्षत्रियस्य तु। वैश्यः स्वजातिं विन्देत तास्वपत्यं समं भवेत् ॥१३-४४-१०॥
tisro bhāryā brāhmaṇasya dve bhārye kṣatriyasya tu। vaiśyaḥ svajātiṃ vindeta tāsvapatyaṃ samaṃ bhavet ॥13-44-10॥
[तिस्रः (tisraḥ) - three (feminine); भार्याः (bhāryāḥ) - wives; ब्राह्मणस्य (brāhmaṇasya) - of a brāhmaṇa; द्वे (dve) - two (feminine); भार्ये (bhārye) - wives; क्षत्रियस्य (kṣatriyasya) - of a kṣatriya; तु (tu) - but; वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - a vaiśya; स्वजातिम् (svajātim) - his own caste; विन्देत् (vindet) - should obtain; तासु (tāsu) - among those (wives); अपत्यं (apatyaṃ) - offspring; समम् (samam) - equal; भवेत् (bhavet) - should be;]
(Three wives of a brāhmaṇa, two wives of a kṣatriya but; a vaiśya should obtain his own caste; among those, offspring should be equal; (13-44-10))
A brāhmaṇa may have three wives, a kṣatriya two wives, but a vaiśya should marry within his own caste; among these, the offspring should be considered equal. (13-44-10)
ब्राह्मणी तु भवेज्ज्येष्ठा क्षत्रिया क्षत्रियस्य तु। रत्यर्थमपि शूद्रा स्यान्नेत्याहुरपरे जनाः ॥१३-४४-११॥
brāhmaṇī tu bhavej-jyeṣṭhā kṣatriyā kṣatriyasya tu। raty-artham-api śūdrā syān-nety āhur-apare janāḥ ॥13-44-11॥
[ब्राह्मणी (brāhmaṇī) - brāhmaṇa woman; तु (tu) - but; भवेत् (bhavet) - should be; ज्येष्ठा (jyeṣṭhā) - the elder; क्षत्रिया (kṣatriyā) - kṣatriya woman; क्षत्रियस्य (kṣatriyasya) - of a kṣatriya; तु (tu) - but; रति-अर्थम् (rati-artham) - for the purpose of pleasure; अपि (api) - even; शूद्रा (śūdrā) - śūdra woman; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; न (na) - not; इति (iti) - thus; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; अपरे (apare) - others; जनाः (janāḥ) - people;]
(A brāhmaṇa woman, but, should be the elder; a kṣatriya woman, of a kṣatriya, but; for the purpose of pleasure, even a śūdra woman may be; not thus, they say, others, people.)
But a brāhmaṇa wife should be considered the foremost; a kṣatriya woman for a kṣatriya; some say that even a śūdra woman may be for pleasure, but others do not agree thus. (13-44-11)
अपत्यजन्म शूद्रायां न प्रशंसन्ति साधवः। शूद्रायां जनयन्विप्रः प्रायश्चित्ती विधीयते ॥१३-४४-१२॥
apatyajanma śūdrāyāṃ na praśaṃsanti sādhavaḥ। śūdrāyāṃ janayan vipraḥ prāyaścittī vidhīyate ॥13-44-12॥
[अपत्यजन्म (apatyajanma) - offspring-birth; शूद्रायां (śūdrāyām) - in a Śūdra woman; न (na) - not; प्रशंसन्ति (praśaṃsanti) - praise; साधवः (sādhavaḥ) - the virtuous; शूद्रायां (śūdrāyām) - in a Śūdra woman; जनयन् (janayan) - begetting; विप्रः (vipraḥ) - a Brāhmaṇa; प्रायश्चित्ती (prāyaścittī) - subject to expiation; विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is prescribed;]
(Offspring-birth in a Śūdra woman not praise the virtuous. In a Śūdra woman begetting a Brāhmaṇa subject to expiation is prescribed.)
The virtuous do not praise the birth of offspring from a Śūdra woman. If a Brāhmaṇa begets (a child) in a Śūdra woman, expiation is prescribed. (13-44-12)
त्रिंशद्वर्षो दशवर्षां भार्यां विन्देत नग्निकाम्। एकविंशतिवर्षो वा सप्तवर्षामवाप्नुयात् ॥१३-४४-१३॥
triṃśadvarṣo daśavarṣāṃ bhāryāṃ vindeta nagnikām। ekaviṃśativarṣo vā saptavarṣām avāpnuyāt ॥13-44-13॥
[त्रिंशद्वर्षः (triṃśadvarṣaḥ) - thirty-years-old man; दशवर्षाम् (daśavarṣām) - ten-years-old (girl); भार्याम् (bhāryām) - wife; विन्देत् (vindet) - should obtain; नग्निकाम् (nagnikām) - virgin; एकविंशतिवर्षः (ekaviṃśativarṣaḥ) - twenty-one-years-old man; वा (vā) - or; सप्तवर्षाम् (saptavarṣām) - seven-years-old (girl); अवाप्नुयात् (avāpnuyāt) - should obtain;]
(A thirty-years-old man should obtain a ten-years-old wife, a virgin; or a twenty-one-years-old man should obtain a seven-years-old (girl).)
A man of thirty years should marry a ten-year-old virgin as his wife; or a man of twenty-one years may marry a seven-year-old girl. (13-44-13)
यस्यास्तु न भवेद्भ्राता पिता वा भरतर्षभ। नोपयच्छेत तां जातु पुत्रिकाधर्मिणी हि सा ॥१३-४४-१४॥
yasyāstu na bhavedbhrātā pitā vā bharatarṣabha। nopayacchet tāṃ jātu putrikādharmiṇī hi sā ॥13-44-14॥
[यस्याः (yasyāḥ) - of whom (feminine); तु (tu) - but; न (na) - not; भवेत् (bhavet) - there is; भ्राता (bhrātā) - brother; पिता (pitā) - father; वा (vā) - or; भरतर्षभ (bharatarṣabha) - O bull among the Bharatas; न (na) - not; उपयच्छेत् (upayacchet) - should give (in marriage); तां (tāṃ) - her; जातु (jātu) - ever; पुत्रिका (putrikā) - daughter (appointed as son); धर्मिणी (dharmiṇī) - possessing the dharma (of); हि (hi) - indeed; सा (sā) - she;]
(Of whom but not there is brother or father, O bull among the Bharatas, not should give her ever, for she is indeed possessing the dharma of a putrikā (appointed daughter).)
O best of the Bharatas, a maiden who has neither brother nor father should never be given in marriage, for she is indeed one possessing the status of a putrikā (appointed daughter). (13-44-14)
त्रीणि वर्षाण्युदीक्षेत कन्या ऋतुमती सती। चतुर्थे त्वथ सम्प्राप्ते स्वयं भर्तारमर्जयेत् ॥१३-४४-१५॥
trīṇi varṣāṇyudīkṣeta kanyā ṛtumati satī। caturthe tvatha samprāpte svayaṃ bhartāramarjayet ॥13-44-15॥
[त्रीणि (trīṇi) - three; (neuter plural); वर्षाणि (varṣāṇi) - years; (neuter plural); उदीक्षेत (udīkṣeta) - should wait; (optative, from ud-īkṣ); कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; girl; ऋतुमती (ṛtumati) - having attained menstruation; सती (satī) - being; (feminine present participle of as); चतुर्थे (caturthe) - in the fourth; (year); त्वथ (tvatha) - but then; (tv + atha); सम्प्राप्ते (samprāpte) - having arrived; (locative absolute); स्वयं (svayaṃ) - herself; by herself; भर्तारम् (bhartāram) - husband; (accusative singular); अर्जयेत् (arjayet) - should acquire; (optative, from ṛj);]
(Three years should wait maiden having attained menstruation being; in the fourth but then having arrived herself husband should acquire.)
A maiden who has attained menstruation should wait for three years; but when the fourth year arrives, she herself may acquire a husband. (13-44-15)
प्रजनो हीयते तस्या रतिश्च भरतर्षभ। अतोऽन्यथा वर्तमाना भवेद्वाच्या प्रजापतेः ॥१३-४४-१६॥
prajano hīyate tasyā ratiś ca bharatarṣabha। ato'nyathā vartamānā bhaved vācyā prajāpateḥ ॥13-44-16॥
[प्रजनः (prajanaḥ) - offspring; progeny; हीयते (hīyate) - is diminished; decreases; तस्या (tasyā) - of her; of that (woman); रतिः (ratiḥ) - sexual union; pleasure; च (ca) - and; भरतर्षभ (bharatarṣabha) - O bull among the Bharatas; अतः (ataḥ) - therefore; from this; अन्यथा (anyathā) - otherwise; differently; वर्तमाना (vartamānā) - acting; behaving; भवेत् (bhavet) - would be; should be; वाच्या (vācyā) - to be spoken; to be called; प्रजापतेः (prajāpateḥ) - of Prajāpati; of the lord of creatures;]
(Offspring is diminished; of her sexual union and, O bull among the Bharatas. Therefore, otherwise acting, she should be called of Prajāpati.)
O bull among the Bharatas, if her sexual union is otherwise, the offspring is diminished; therefore, a woman acting otherwise should be called one belonging to Prajāpati. (13-44-16)
असपिण्डा च या मातुरसगोत्रा च या पितुः। इत्येतामनुगच्छेत तं धर्मं मनुरब्रवीत् ॥१३-४४-१७॥
asapiṇḍā ca yā māturasagotrā ca yā pituḥ। ityetāmanugacchet taṃ dharmaṃ manurabravīt ॥13-44-17॥
[असपिण्डा (asapiṇḍā) - not-of-the-same-piṇḍa; (not sharing the same ancestral offering); च (ca) - and; या (yā) - who; मातु: (mātuḥ) - of the mother; असगोत्रा (asagotrā) - not-of-the-same-gotra; (not of the same lineage); च (ca) - and; या (yā) - who; पितुः (pituḥ) - of the father; इति (iti) - thus; एताम् (etām) - this; अनुगच्छेत् (anugacchet) - should follow; तं (taṃ) - that; धर्मम् (dharmaṃ) - duty; मनुः (manuḥ) - Manu; अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - said;]
(Not-of-the-same-piṇḍa and who is not-of-the-same-gotra of the mother and who is of the father; thus this should follow that duty Manu said.)
Manu said: One should follow this rule — a woman who is not of the same piṇḍa and not of the same gotra as the mother and as the father. (13-44-17)
युधिष्ठिर उवाच॥
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca॥
[युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira; (proper name); उवाच (uvāca) - said; spoke;]
(Yudhiṣṭhira said;)
Yudhiṣṭhira said.
शुल्कमन्येन दत्तं स्याद्ददानीत्याह चापरः। बलादन्यः प्रभाषेत धनमन्यः प्रदर्शयेत् ॥१३-४४-१८॥
śulkam anyena dattaṃ syād dadānīti āha ca aparaḥ। balāt anyaḥ prabhāṣeta dhanam anyaḥ pradarśayet ॥13-44-18॥
[शुल्कम् (śulkam) - fee; अन्येन (anyena) - by another; दत्तम् (dattam) - given; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; ददानीति (dadānīti) - ‘I will give’; आह (āha) - says; च (ca) - and; अपरः (aparaḥ) - another; बलात् (balāt) - by force; अन्यः (anyaḥ) - another; प्रभाषेत् (prabhāṣeta) - may speak; धनम् (dhanam) - wealth; अन्यः (anyaḥ) - another; प्रदर्शयेत् (pradarśayet) - may show;]
(Fee by another given may be, ‘I will give’ says and another; by force another may speak, wealth another may show.)
The fee may have been given by another, another says ‘I will give’; another may speak by force, and another may show the wealth. (13-44-18)
पाणिग्रहीता त्वन्यः स्यात्कस्य कन्या पितामह। तत्त्वं जिज्ञासमानानां चक्षुर्भवतु नो भवान् ॥१३-४४-१९॥
pāṇigrahītā tvan yaḥ syāt kasya kanyā pitāmaha। tattvaṃ jijñāsamānānāṃ cakṣur bhavatu no bhavān ॥13-44-19॥
[पाणिग्रहीता (pāṇigrahītā) - one who has taken the hand in marriage; त्व (tva) - but; अन्यः (anyaḥ) - another; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; कस्य (kasya) - whose; कन्या (kanyā) - daughter; पितामह (pitāmaha) - O grandfather; तत्त्वं (tattvaṃ) - the truth; जिज्ञासमानानां (jijñāsamānānāṃ) - of those who are inquiring; चक्षुः (cakṣuḥ) - the eye; भवतु (bhavatu) - may be; नः (naḥ) - for us; भवान् (bhavān) - you;]
(One who has taken the hand in marriage but another may be; whose daughter, O grandfather? The truth, of those who are inquiring, the eye may be for us, you.)
O grandfather, who is the one to whom the daughter belongs, if another has taken her hand in marriage? Please be the eye of truth for us who are inquiring. (13-44-19)
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma; उवाच (uvāca) - said;]
(Bhishma said;)
Bhishma said.
यत्किञ्चित्कर्म मानुष्यं संस्थानाय प्रकृष्यते। मन्त्रवन्मन्त्रितं तस्य मृषावादस्तु पातकः ॥१३-४४-२०॥
yatkiñcitkarma mānuṣyaṃ saṃsthānāya prakṛṣyate। mantravanmantritaṃ tasya mṛṣāvādastu pātakaḥ ॥13-44-20॥
[यत् (yat) - whatever; किञ्चित् (kiñcit) - a little; कर्म (karma) - action; मानुष्यं (mānuṣyam) - human; संस्थानाय (saṃsthānāya) - for the establishment; प्रकृष्यते (prakṛṣyate) - is performed; मन्त्रवत् (mantravat) - like a mantra; मन्त्रितं (mantritam) - consecrated; तस्य (tasya) - of that; मृषावादः (mṛṣāvādaḥ) - false statement; तु (tu) - but; पातकः (pātakaḥ) - sin;]
(Whatever little action is performed by a human for establishment, if it is consecrated like a mantra, of that, a false statement indeed is a sin.)
Whatever action, even the smallest, a human performs for establishment, if it is consecrated like a mantra, then making a false statement about it is indeed a sin. (13-44-20)
भार्यापत्यृत्विगाचार्याः शिष्योपाध्याय एव च। मृषोक्ते दण्डमर्हन्ति नेत्याहुरपरे जनाः ॥१३-४४-२१॥
bhāryāpatyatvigācāryāḥ śiṣyopādhyāya eva ca। mṛṣokte daṇḍamarhanti netyāhurapare janāḥ ॥13-44-21॥
[भार्या (bhāryā) - wife; अपत्य (apatya) - child; ऋत्विज् (ṛtvij) - priest; आचार्याः (ācāryāḥ) - teachers; शिष्य (śiṣya) - disciple; उपाध्याय (upādhyāya) - sub-teacher; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; मृषा (mṛṣā) - false; उक्ते (ukte) - when spoken; दण्डम् (daṇḍam) - punishment; अर्हन्ति (arhanti) - deserve; न (na) - not; इति (iti) - thus; आहुः (āhuḥ) - say; अपरे (apare) - others; जनाः (janāḥ) - people;]
(wife, child, priest, teachers, disciple, sub-teacher, indeed, and; when false is spoken, punishment deserve not, thus say others, people.)
Others say that wife, child, priest, teachers, disciple, and sub-teacher indeed do not deserve punishment when they speak falsely. (13-44-21)
न ह्यकामेन संवादं मनुरेवं प्रशंसति। अयशस्यमधर्म्यं च यन्मृषा धर्मकोपनम् ॥१३-४४-२२॥
na hy akāmena saṁvādaṁ manur evaṁ praśaṁsati। ayaśasyam adharmyaṁ ca yan mṛṣā dharmakopanam ॥13-44-22॥
[न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; अकामेन (akāmena) - by one without desire; संवादं (saṁvādam) - discussion; मनुः (manuḥ) - Manu; एवं (evaṁ) - thus; प्रशंसति (praśaṁsati) - praises; अयशस्य (ayaśasya) - of disgrace; अधर्म्यं (adharmyaṁ) - unrighteous; च (ca) - and; यत् (yat) - which; मृषा (mṛṣā) - false; धर्मकोपनम् (dharmakopanam) - that which harms dharma;]
(Not indeed by one without desire does Manu thus praise discussion. Of disgrace, unrighteous and which is false, that which harms dharma, and;)
Manu does not indeed praise discussion that is not free from desire. That which is disgraceful, unrighteous, and false, and which harms dharma, (he does not praise). (13-44-22)
नैकान्तदोष एकस्मिंस्तद्दानं नोपलभ्यते। धर्मतो यां प्रयच्छन्ति यां च क्रीणन्ति भारत ॥१३-४४-२३॥
naikāntadoṣa ekasmiṃstaddānaṃ nopalabhyate। dharmato yāṃ prayacchanti yāṃ ca krīṇanti bhārata ॥13-44-23॥
[नैकान्तदोष (naikāntadoṣa) - not absolute fault; एकस्मिन् (ekasmin) - in one; तत् (tat) - that; दानम् (dānam) - gift; न (na) - not; उपलभ्यते (upalabhyate) - is found; धर्मतः (dharmataḥ) - according to dharma; याम् (yām) - which; प्रयच्छन्ति (prayacchanti) - they give; याम् (yām) - which; च (ca) - and; क्रीणन्ति (krīṇanti) - they buy; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata;]
(Not absolute fault in one, that gift is not found; according to dharma, which they give, which and they buy, O Bhārata.)
O Bhārata, there is no absolute fault in one; that gift is not found. According to dharma, that which they give and that which they buy, both are acceptable. (13-44-23)
बन्धुभिः समनुज्ञातो मन्त्रहोमौ प्रयोजयेत्। तथा सिध्यन्ति ते मन्त्रा नादत्तायाः कथञ्चन ॥१३-४४-२४॥
bandhubhiḥ samanujñāto mantrahomau prayojayet। tathā sidhyanti te mantrā nādattāyāḥ kathaṃcana ॥13-44-24॥
[बन्धुभिः (bandhubhiḥ) - by relatives; समनुज्ञातः (samanujñātaḥ) - having been fully permitted; मन्त्रहोमौ (mantrahomau) - mantra and homa; प्रयोजयेत् (prayojayet) - should cause to be performed; तथा (tathā) - thus; सिध्यन्ति (sidhyanti) - are accomplished; ते (te) - those; मन्त्रा (mantrā) - mantras; न (na) - not; अदत्तायाः (adattāyāḥ) - of one not given (not permitted); कथञ्चन (kathaṃcana) - in any way;]
(By relatives having been fully permitted, one should cause the mantra and homa to be performed. Thus those mantras are accomplished, not in any way for one not permitted. (13-44-24))
Having been fully permitted by relatives, one should perform the mantra and homa; only then are those mantras accomplished, never for one who has not been permitted. (13-44-24)
यस्त्वत्र मन्त्रसमयो भार्यापत्योर्मिथः कृतः। तमेवाहुर्गरीयांसं यश्चासौ ज्ञातिभिः कृतः ॥१३-४४-२५॥
yastv atra mantrasamayo bhāryāpatyormithaḥ kṛtaḥ। tam evāhur garīyāṁsaṁ yaś cāsau jñātibhiḥ kṛtaḥ ॥13-44-25॥
[यः (yaḥ) - who; तु (tu) - but; अत्र (atra) - here; मन्त्रसमयः (mantrasamayaḥ) - agreement by mantra; भार्यापत्योः (bhāryāpatyoḥ) - between wife and offspring; मिथः (mithaḥ) - mutually; कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - made; तम् (tam) - him; एव (eva) - indeed; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; गरीयांसम् (garīyāṁsam) - more important; यः (yaḥ) - who; च (ca) - and; असौ (asau) - that; ज्ञातिभिः (jñātibhiḥ) - by relatives; कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - made;]
(Who but here agreement by mantra between wife and offspring mutually made; him indeed they say more important; who and that by relatives made;)
But among these, the one who has made a mutual agreement by mantra between wife and offspring is considered more important; and the one who is made so by relatives.
देवदत्तां पतिर्भार्यां वेत्ति धर्मस्य शासनात्। सा दैवीं मानुषीं वाचमनृतां पर्युदस्यति ॥१३-४४-२६॥
devadattāṃ patirbhāryāṃ vetti dharmasya śāsanāt। sā daivīṃ mānuṣīṃ vācam anṛtāṃ paryudasyati ॥13-44-26॥
[देवदत्तां (devadattāṃ) - given by the gods; पतिः (patiḥ) - husband; भार्यां (bhāryāṃ) - wife; वेत्ति (vetti) - knows; धर्मस्य (dharmasya) - of dharma; शासनात् (śāsanāt) - from the command; सा (sā) - she; दैवीं (daivīṃ) - divine; मानुषीं (mānuṣīṃ) - human; वाचम् (vācam) - speech; अनृतां (anṛtāṃ) - untrue; पर्युदस्यति (paryudasyati) - rejects;]
(The husband knows the wife given by the gods from the command of dharma. She rejects divine and human untrue speech.)
A husband knows his wife as given by the gods, according to the command of dharma. She rejects both divine and human false speech. (13-44-26)
युधिष्ठिर उवाच॥
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca॥
[युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira; (proper name); उवाच (uvāca) - said; spoke;]
(Yudhiṣṭhira said;)
Yudhiṣṭhira said.
कन्यायां प्राप्तशुल्कायां ज्यायांश्चेदाव्रजेद्वरः। धर्मकामार्थसम्पन्नो वाच्यमत्रानृतं न वा ॥१३-४४-२७॥
kanyāyāṃ prāptaśulkāyāṃ jyāyāṃścedāvrajedvaraḥ। dharmakāmārthasampanno vācyamatranṛtaṃ na vā ॥13-44-27॥
[कन्यायाम् (kanyāyām) - in the maiden; प्राप्तशुल्कायाम् (prāptaśulkāyām) - for whom the bride-price has been received; ज्यायान् (jyāyān) - elder; चेत् (cet) - if; आव्रजेत् (āvrajet) - should approach; वरः (varaḥ) - the suitor; धर्मकामार्थसम्पन्नः (dharmakāmārthasampannaḥ) - endowed with dharma, desire, and wealth; वाच्यम् (vācyam) - should be told; अत्र (atra) - here; अनृतम् (anṛtam) - falsehood; न (na) - not; वा (vā) - or;]
(In the maiden for whom the bride-price has been received, if an elder suitor should approach, endowed with dharma, desire, and wealth, should be told here falsehood or not.)
If, after the bride-price has been received for a maiden, an elder suitor endowed with virtue, desire, and wealth approaches, then whether or not falsehood should be spoken here. (13-44-27)
तस्मिन्नुभयतो दोषे कुर्वञ्छ्रेयः समाचरेत्। अयं नः सर्वधर्माणां धर्मश्चिन्त्यतमो मतः ॥१३-४४-२८॥
tasminnubhayato doṣe kurvañchreyaḥ samācaret। ayaṃ naḥ sarvadharmāṇāṃ dharmaścintyatamo mataḥ ॥13-44-28॥
[तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that; उभयतो (ubhayato) - on both sides; दोषे (doṣe) - in fault; कुर्वन् (kurvan) - doing; श्रेयः (śreyaḥ) - the better; समाचरेत् (samācaret) - should act; अयम् (ayam) - this; नः (naḥ) - our; सर्वधर्माणाम् (sarvadharmāṇām) - of all dharmas; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - dharma; चिन्त्यतमः (cintyatamaḥ) - most to be considered; मतः (mataḥ) - regarded;]
(In that, on both sides, in fault, doing the better, one should act. This is, for us, of all dharmas, the dharma most to be considered, regarded.)
When there is fault on both sides, one should act in the way that is better. This is regarded by us as the most considered dharma among all dharmas. (13-44-28)
तत्त्वं जिज्ञासमानानां चक्षुर्भवतु नो भवान्। तदेतत्सर्वमाचक्ष्व न हि तृप्यामि कथ्यताम् ॥१३-४४-२९॥
tattvaṃ jijñāsamānānāṃ cakṣurbhavatu no bhavān। tadetatsarvamācakṣva na hi tṛpyāmi kathyatām ॥13-44-29॥
[तत्त्वं (tattvam) - principle; essence; जिज्ञासमानानाम् (jijñāsamānānām) - of those desiring to know; चक्षुः (cakṣuḥ) - eye; vision; भवतु (bhavatu) - may be; let it be; नः (naḥ) - for us; भवान् (bhavān) - you; revered one; तत् (tat) - that; एतत् (etat) - this; सर्वम् (sarvam) - all; everything; आचक्ष्व (ācakṣva) - tell; speak; न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; तृप्यामि (tṛpyāmi) - I am satisfied; कथ्यताम् (kathyatām) - let it be told;]
(May you, the revered one, be the eye for us who desire to know the principle; tell all this, for indeed I am not satisfied, let it be told.)
O revered one, be the eye for us who seek to know the essence; please explain all this, for I am truly not satisfied—let it be told. (13-44-29)
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma; उवाच (uvāca) - said;]
(Bhishma said;)
Bhishma said.
न वै निष्ठाकरं शुल्कं ज्ञात्वासीत्तेन नाहृतम्। न हि शुल्कपराः सन्तः कन्यां ददति कर्हिचित् ॥१३-४४-३०॥
na vai niṣṭhā-karaṃ śulkaṃ jñātvāsīttena nāhṛtam। na hi śulka-parāḥ santaḥ kanyāṃ dadati karhicit ॥13-44-30॥
[न (na) - not; वै (vai) - indeed; निष्ठाकरं (niṣṭhā-karam) - final payment; शुल्कं (śulkaṃ) - bride-price; ज्ञात्वा (jñātvā) - having known; आसीत् (āsīt) - was; तेन (tena) - by him; न (na) - not; आहृतम् (āhṛtam) - brought; न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; शुल्कपराः (śulka-parāḥ) - those who are intent on bride-price; सन्तः (santaḥ) - good people; कन्यां (kanyāṃ) - maiden; ददति (dadati) - give; कर्हिचित् (karhicit) - ever;]
(Not indeed final payment bride-price having known was by him not brought. Not indeed those intent on bride-price good people maiden give ever.)
Indeed, knowing that the final payment was a bride-price, he did not bring it. For good people who are intent on bride-price never give their daughter. (13-44-30)
अन्यैर्गुणैरुपेतं तु शुल्कं याचन्ति बान्धवाः। अलङ्कृत्वा वहस्वेति यो दद्यादनुकूलतः ॥१३-४४-३१॥
anyair guṇair upetaṃ tu śulkaṃ yācanti bāndhavāḥ। alaṅkṛtvā vahasveti yo dadyād anukūlataḥ ॥13-44-31॥
[अन्यैः (anyaiḥ) - by others; by different; by other (people); गुणैः (guṇaiḥ) - with qualities; with virtues; with merits; उपेतं (upetam) - endowed; possessed; accompanied; तु (tu) - but; शुल्कं (śulkaṃ) - price; fee; payment; याचन्ति (yācanti) - they ask; they request; बान्धवाः (bāndhavāḥ) - relatives; kinsmen; अलङ्कृत्वा (alaṅkṛtvā) - having adorned; having decorated; वहस्व (vahasva) - carry; bear; इति (iti) - thus; so; यः (yaḥ) - who; दद्यात् (dadyāt) - would give; might give; अनुकूलतः (anukūlataḥ) - favorably; with favor;]
(By others with qualities endowed but price they ask relatives; having adorned carry thus who would give favorably;)
Relatives, endowed with other qualities, ask for a price; having adorned (the object), they say 'carry it', and whoever would give (it) favorably. (13-44-31)
तच्च तां च ददात्येव न शुल्कं विक्रयो न सः। प्रतिगृह्य भवेद्देयमेष धर्मः सनातनः ॥१३-४४-३२॥
tac ca tāṃ ca dadāty eva na śulkaṃ vikrayo na saḥ। pratigṛhya bhaved deyam eṣa dharmaḥ sanātanaḥ ॥13-44-32॥
[तत् (tat) - that; च (ca) - and; तां (tāṃ) - her; च (ca) - and; ददाति (dadāti) - gives; एव (eva) - indeed; न (na) - not; शुल्कम् (śulkaṃ) - price; विक्रयः (vikrayaḥ) - sale; न (na) - not; सः (saḥ) - he; प्रतिगृह्य (pratigṛhya) - having accepted; भवेत् (bhavet) - should be; देयम् (deyam) - to be given; एषः (eṣaḥ) - this; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; सनातनः (sanātanaḥ) - eternal;]
(That and her and gives indeed not price sale not he; having accepted should be to be given this duty eternal;)
He gives that and her indeed, not as a price, not as a sale; having accepted, it should be given—this is the eternal duty. (13-44-32)
दास्यामि भवते कन्यामिति पूर्वं नभाषितम्। ये चैवाहुर्ये च नाहुर्ये चावश्यं वदन्त्युत ॥१३-४४-३३॥
dāsyāmi bhavate kanyāmiti pūrvaṃ nabhāṣitam। ye caivāhurye ca nāhurye cāvaśyaṃ vadantyuta ॥13-44-33॥
[दास्यामि (dāsyāmi) - I will give; भवते (bhavate) - to you; कन्याम् (kanyām) - the maiden; इति (iti) - thus; पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - before; न (na) - not; भाषितम् (bhāṣitam) - was spoken; ये (ye) - who; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; आहुः (āhuḥ) - say; ये (ye) - who; च (ca) - and; न (na) - not; आहुः (āhuḥ) - say; ये (ye) - who; च (ca) - and; आवश्यं (āvaśyam) - certainly; वदन्ति (vadanti) - say; उत (uta) - indeed;]
(I will give to you the maiden thus before not was spoken; who and indeed say, who and not say, who and certainly say indeed.)
The statement 'I will give you the maiden' was not spoken before; some say so, some do not, and some certainly do say so indeed. (13-44-33)
तस्मादा ग्रहणात्पाणेर्याचयन्ति परस्परम्। कन्यावरः पुरा दत्तो मरुद्भिरिति नः श्रुतम् ॥१३-४४-३४॥
tasmādā grahaṇātpāṇeryācayanti parasparam। kanyāvaraḥ purā datto marudbhiriti naḥ śrutam ॥13-44-34॥
[तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; आ (ā) - from; ग्रहणात् (grahaṇāt) - from the taking; पाणेः (pāṇeḥ) - of the hand; याचयन्ति (yācayanti) - they request; परस्परम् (parasparam) - each other; कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; वरः (varaḥ) - groom; पुरा (purā) - formerly; दत्तः (dattaḥ) - was given; मरुद्भिः (marudbhiḥ) - by the Maruts; इति (iti) - thus; नः (naḥ) - to us; श्रुतम् (śrutam) - has been heard;]
(Therefore, from the taking of the hand, they request each other. The maiden was formerly given by the Maruts, thus to us has been heard.)
Therefore, from the act of taking the hand, they request each other. It has been heard by us that, in former times, the maiden was given by the Maruts to the groom. (13-44-34)
नानिष्टाय प्रदातव्या कन्या इत्यृषिचोदितम्। तन्मूलं काममूलस्य प्रजनस्येति मे मतिः ॥१३-४४-३५॥
nāniṣṭāya pradātavyā kanyā ityuṛṣicoditam. tanmūlaṃ kāmamūlasya prajanasya iti me matiḥ ॥13-44-35॥
[न (na) - not; अनिष्टाय (aniṣṭāya) - to the undesired; प्रदातव्या (pradātavyā) - should be given; कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; इति (iti) - thus; ऋषि (ṛṣi) - sage; चोदितम् (coditam) - enjoined; तत् (tat) - that; मूलं (mūlaṃ) - root; काममूलस्य (kāmamūlasya) - of desire-rooted; प्रजनस्य (prajanasya) - of procreation; इति (iti) - thus; मे (me) - my; मतिः (matiḥ) - opinion;]
(Not to the undesired should the maiden be given—thus the sage enjoined. That is the root of desire-rooted procreation—thus is my opinion.)
A maiden should not be given to one who is undesired, as enjoined by the sage. In my opinion, this is the root of procreation that is based on desire. (13-44-35)
समीक्ष्य च बहून्दोषान्संवासाद्विद्विषाणयोः। यथा निष्ठाकरं शुल्कं न जात्वासीत्तथा शृणु ॥१३-४४-३६॥
samīkṣya ca bahūn doṣān saṃvāsād vidviṣāṇayoḥ। yathā niṣṭhākaraṃ śulkaṃ na jātv āsīt tathā śṛṇu ॥13-44-36॥
[समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - having examined; च (ca) - and; बहून् (bahūn) - many; दोषान् (doṣān) - faults; संवासात् (saṃvāsāt) - from cohabitation; विद्विषाणयोः (vidviṣāṇayoḥ) - of those who are hostile; यथा (yathā) - just as; निष्ठाकरं (niṣṭhākaraṃ) - causing destruction; शुल्कं (śulkaṃ) - bride-price; न (na) - not; जातु (jātu) - ever; आसीत् (āsīt) - was; तथा (tathā) - so; शृणु (śṛṇu) - hear;]
(Having examined and many faults from cohabitation of those who are hostile; just as causing destruction bride-price not ever was; so hear.)
Having considered the many faults arising from the cohabitation of those who are hostile, just as a destructive bride-price was never allowed, so listen. (13-44-36)
अहं विचित्रवीर्याय द्वे कन्ये समुदावहम्। जित्वा च मागधान्सर्वान्काशीनथ च कोसलान् ॥ गृहीतपाणिरेकासीत्प्राप्तशुल्कापराभवत् ॥१३-४४-३७॥
ahaṃ vicitravīryāya dve kanye samudāvaham। jitvā ca māgadhānsarvān kāśīnatha ca kosalān ॥ gṛhītapāṇirekāsīt prāptaśulkāparābhavat ॥13-44-37॥
[अहं (ahaṃ) - I; विचित्रवीर्याय (vicitravīryāya) - to Vicitravīrya; द्वे (dve) - two; कन्ये (kanye) - maidens; समुदावहम् (samudāvaham) - I married (gave in marriage); जित्वा (jitvā) - having conquered; च (ca) - and; मागधान् (māgadhān) - the Magadhas; सर्वान् (sarvān) - all; काशीनथ (kāśīnatha) - the lord of Kāśī; च (ca) - and; कोसलान् (kosalān) - the Kosalas; गृहीतपाणि (gṛhītapāṇi) - with hand taken (in marriage); एका (ekā) - one; असीत् (asīt) - was; प्राप्तशुल्का (prāptaśulkā) - obtained as bride-price; पराभवत् (parābhavat) - was defeated;]
(I to Vicitravīrya two maidens I married; having conquered and the Magadhas all, the lord of Kāśī and the Kosalas; with hand taken one was, obtained as bride-price the other was defeated. (13-44-37))
I gave two maidens in marriage to Vicitravīrya; having conquered all the Magadhas, the lord of Kāśī, and the Kosalas. Of these, one was wedded with the hand taken, the other was obtained as bride-price, and the other was defeated. (13-44-37)
पाणौ गृहीता तत्रैव विसृज्या इति मे पिता। अब्रवीदितरां कन्यामावहत्स तु कौरवः ॥१३-४४-३८॥
pāṇau gṛhītā tatraiva visṛjyā iti me pitā। abravīditarāṃ kanyāmāvahats tu kauravaḥ ॥13-44-38॥
[पाणौ (pāṇau) - in the hand; गृहीता (gṛhītā) - having been taken; तत्रैव (tatraiva) - right there; विसृज्या (visṛjyā) - having released; इति (iti) - thus; मे (me) - my; पिता (pitā) - father; अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - said; इतरां (itarāṃ) - the other; कन्याम् (kanyām) - maiden; आवहत् (āvahat) - married; तु (tu) - but; कौरवः (kauravaḥ) - the Kaurava;]
(Having taken (her) by the hand, having released (her) right there, thus my father said. But the Kaurava married the other maiden. (13-44-38))
My father, having taken her by the hand and released her right there, said thus. But the Kaurava married the other maiden. (13-44-38)
अप्यन्यामनुपप्रच्छ शङ्कमानः पितुर्वचः। अतीव ह्यस्य धर्मेप्सा पितुर्मेऽभ्यधिकाभवत् ॥१३-४४-३९॥
apyan-yāmanupapraccha śaṅkamānaḥ piturvacaḥ। atīva hyasya dharmepsā piturme'bhyadhikābhavat ॥13-44-39॥
[अपि (api) - indeed; अन्याम् (anyām) - another (feminine accusative); अनुपप्रच्छ (anupapraccha) - asked further; शङ्कमानः (śaṅkamānaḥ) - doubting; पितुः (pituḥ) - of the father; वचः (vacaḥ) - word; अतीव (atīva) - exceedingly; हि (hi) - indeed; अस्य (asya) - his; धर्मेप्सा (dharmepsā) - desire for dharma; पितुः (pituḥ) - of the father; मे (me) - my; अभ्यधिका (abhyadhikā) - exceeding; अभवत् (abhavat) - became;]
(Indeed, doubting the father's word, he asked another (question); for his desire for dharma exceedingly surpassed that of my father.)
Indeed, doubting his father's words, he asked another question; for his desire for righteousness greatly surpassed even my father's. (13-44-39)
ततोऽहमब्रुवं राजन्नाचारेप्सुरिदं वचः। आचारं तत्त्वतो वेत्तुमिच्छामीति पुनः पुनः ॥१३-४४-४०॥
tato'ham abruvaṁ rājann ācārepsur idaṁ vacaḥ। ācāraṁ tattvato vettum icchāmi iti punaḥ punaḥ ॥13-44-40॥
[ततः (tataḥ) - then; अहम् (aham) - I; अब्रुवम् (abruvam) - spoke; राजन् (rājan) - O king; आचार-इप्सु: (आचारे इप्सुः) (ācāra-ipsuḥ (ācāre ipsuḥ)) - desiring conduct; इदं (idaṁ) - this; वचः (vacaḥ) - speech; आचारम् (ācāram) - conduct; तत्त्वतः (tattvataḥ) - in reality; वेत्तुम् (vettum) - to know; इच्छामि (icchāmi) - I desire; इति (iti) - thus; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; पुनः (punaḥ) - again;]
(Then I spoke, O king, this speech desiring conduct: "I desire to know conduct in reality," thus again and again. (13-44-40))
Then I said to the king these words, wishing to understand conduct: "I wish to know the true nature of conduct," again and again. (13-44-40)
ततो मयैवमुक्ते तु वाक्ये धर्मभृतां वरः। पिता मम महाराज बाह्लीको वाक्यमब्रवीत् ॥१३-४४-४१॥
tato mayaivamukte tu vākye dharmabhṛtāṃ varaḥ। pitā mama mahārāja bāhlīko vākyamabravīt ॥13-44-41॥
[ततः (tataḥ) - then; मया (mayā) - by me; एवम् (evam) - thus; उक्ते (ukte) - having been said; तु (tu) - but; वाक्ये (vākye) - in the statement; धर्मभृताम् (dharmabhṛtām) - of the upholders of dharma; वरः (varaḥ) - the best; पिता (pitā) - father; मम (mama) - my; महाराज (mahārāja) - great king; बाह्लीकः (bāhlīkaḥ) - Bahlika; वाक्यम् (vākyam) - statement; अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - said;]
(Then, when this was thus said by me, but in the statement, the best of the upholders of dharma, my father, the great king Bahlika, said a statement.)
Then, after I had spoken thus, my father, the great king Bahlika, foremost among the upholders of dharma, spoke these words. (13-44-41)
यदि वः शुल्कतो निष्ठा न पाणिग्रहणं तथा। लाजान्तरमुपासीत प्राप्तशुल्का पतिं वृतम् ॥१३-४४-४२॥
yadi vaḥ śulkato niṣṭhā na pāṇigrahaṇaṃ tathā। lājāntaram upāsīta prāptaśulkā patiṃ vṛtam ॥13-44-42॥
[यदि (yadi) - if; वः (vaḥ) - your; शुल्कतः (śulkataḥ) - from the bride-price; निष्ठा (niṣṭhā) - settlement; न (na) - not; पाणिग्रहणं (pāṇigrahaṇam) - taking of the hand (marriage); तथा (tathā) - so; thus; लाजान्तरम् (lājāntaram) - another offering of parched grain; उपासीत (upāsīta) - should perform; प्राप्तशुल्का (prāptaśulkā) - she whose bride-price has been received; पतिं (patiṃ) - husband; वृतम् (vṛtam) - chosen;]
(If your settlement from the bride-price is not the taking of the hand, so another offering of parched grain should be performed; she whose bride-price has been received, the chosen husband.)
If for you the settlement is only the bride-price and not the taking of the hand, then another offering of parched grain should be performed; a woman whose bride-price has been received should accept the chosen husband. (13-44-42)
न हि धर्मविदः प्राहुः प्रमाणं वाक्यतः स्मृतम्। येषां वै शुल्कतो निष्ठा न पाणिग्रहणात्तथा ॥१३-४४-४३॥
na hi dharmavidaḥ prāhuḥ pramāṇaṃ vākyataḥ smṛtam। yeṣāṃ vai śulkato niṣṭhā na pāṇigrahaṇāttathā ॥13-44-43॥
[न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - knowers of dharma; प्राहुः (prāhuḥ) - have said; प्रमाणं (pramāṇam) - authority; वाक्यतः (vākyataḥ) - from statement; स्मृतम् (smṛtam) - Smṛti; येषां (yeṣāṃ) - whose; वै (vai) - indeed; शुल्कतः (śulkataḥ) - from payment; निष्ठा (niṣṭhā) - established; न (na) - not; पाणिग्रहणात् (pāṇigrahaṇāt) - from taking the hand (marriage); तथा (tathā) - thus;]
(Not indeed the knowers of dharma have said authority from statement Smṛti; whose indeed from payment established not from taking the hand thus.)
Indeed, the knowers of dharma have not declared as authoritative the Smṛti that is based on statements, for those whose establishment is from payment and not from the taking of the hand (in marriage), thus. (13-44-43)
प्रसिद्धं भाषितं दाने तेषां प्रत्यसनं पुनः। ये मन्यन्ते क्रयं शुल्कं न ते धर्मविदो जनाः ॥१३-४४-४४॥
prasiddhaṃ bhāṣitaṃ dāne teṣāṃ pratyasanaṃ punaḥ। ye manyante krayaṃ śulkaṃ na te dharmavido janāḥ ॥13-44-44॥
[प्रसिद्धं (prasiddhaṃ) - well-known; भाषितं (bhāṣitaṃ) - spoken; दाने (dāne) - in giving; तेषां (teṣāṃ) - of them; प्रत्यसनं (pratyasanaṃ) - contradiction; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; ये (ye) - those who; मन्यन्ते (manyante) - think; क्रयं (krayaṃ) - price; शुल्कं (śulkaṃ) - fee; न (na) - not; ते (te) - they; धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - knowers of dharma; जनाः (janāḥ) - people;]
(Well-known spoken in giving of them contradiction again; those who think price fee not they knowers of dharma people;)
It is well-known and spoken that to take a price or fee in giving is a contradiction; those people who think of a price or fee are not knowers of dharma. (13-44-44)
न चैतेभ्यः प्रदातव्या न वोढव्या तथाविधा। न ह्येव भार्या क्रेतव्या न विक्रेया कथञ्चन ॥१३-४४-४५॥
na caitebhyaḥ pradātavyā na voḍhavyā tathāvidhā। na hyeva bhāryā kretavyā na vikreyā kathañcana ॥13-44-45॥
[न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; एतेभ्यः (etebhyaḥ) - to these; प्रदातव्या (pradātavyā) - should be given; न (na) - not; वोढव्या (voḍhavyā) - should be married; तथाविधा (tathāvidhā) - such as these; न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; एव (eva) - certainly; भार्या (bhāryā) - wife; क्रेतव्या (kretavyā) - should be bought; न (na) - not; विक्रेया (vikreyā) - should be sold; कथञ्चन (kathañcana) - in any way;]
(Not and to these should be given, not should be married such as these. Not indeed certainly wife should be bought, not should be sold in any way. (13-44-45))
And such women should not be given to these, nor should they be married to such men. Indeed, a wife should never be bought or sold in any way. (13-44-45)
ये च क्रीणन्ति दासीवद्ये च विक्रीणते जनाः। भवेत्तेषां तथा निष्ठा लुब्धानां पापचेतसाम् ॥१३-४४-४६॥
ye ca krīṇanti dāsīvad ye ca vikrīṇate janāḥ। bhavet teṣāṃ tathā niṣṭhā lubdhānāṃ pāpacetasām ॥13-44-46॥
[ये (ye) - who; च (ca) - and; क्रीणन्ति (krīṇanti) - buy; दासीवत् (dāsīvat) - like a female slave; ये (ye) - who; च (ca) - and; विक्रीणते (vikrīṇate) - sell; जनाः (janāḥ) - people; भवेत् (bhavet) - there is; तेषां (teṣāṃ) - of them; तथा (tathā) - thus; निष्ठा (niṣṭhā) - state; लुब्धानां (lubdhānāṃ) - of the greedy; पापचेतसाम् (pāpacetasām) - of the evil-minded;]
(Who and buy like a female slave, who and sell people, there is of them thus state of the greedy, of the evil-minded. (13-44-46))
Those who buy others like female slaves and those people who sell others, their state is like that of greedy and evil-minded persons. (13-44-46)
अस्मिन्धर्मे सत्यवन्तं पर्यपृच्छन्त वै जनाः। कन्यायाः प्राप्तशुल्कायाः शुल्कदः प्रशमं गतः ॥१३-४४-४७॥
asmindharme satyavantaṃ paryapṛcchanta vai janāḥ। kanyāyāḥ prāptaśulkāyāḥ śulkadaḥ praśamaṃ gataḥ ॥13-44-47॥
[अस्मिन् (asmin) - in this; धर्मे (dharme) - duty; सत्यवन्तम् (satyavantam) - Satyavan; पर्यपृच्छन्त (paryapṛcchanta) - they inquired; वै (vai) - indeed; जनाः (janāḥ) - people; कन्यायाः (kanyāyāḥ) - of the maiden; प्राप्तशुल्कायाः (prāptaśulkāyāḥ) - whose bride-price has been obtained; शुल्कदः (śulkadaḥ) - the giver of the bride-price; प्रशमं (praśamam) - peace; गतः (gataḥ) - attained;]
(In this duty, the people indeed inquired about Satyavan; of the maiden whose bride-price had been obtained, the giver of the bride-price attained peace.)
In this matter, the people indeed questioned about Satyavan; regarding the maiden for whom the bride-price had been received, the giver of the bride-price found peace. (13-44-47)
पाणिग्रहीता चान्यः स्यादत्र नो धर्मसंशयः। तन्नश्छिन्धि महाप्राज्ञ त्वं हि वै प्राज्ञसंमतः ॥ तत्त्वं जिज्ञासमानानां चक्षुर्भवतु नो भवान् ॥१३-४४-४८॥
pāṇigrahītā cānyaḥ syād atra no dharmasaṁśayaḥ। tan naś chindhi mahāprājña tvaṁ hi vai prājñasaṁmataḥ॥ tattvaṁ jijñāsamānānāṁ cakṣur bhavatu no bhavān॥13-44-48॥
[पाणिग्रहीता (pāṇigrahītā) - hand-holder; bridegroom; च (ca) - and; अन्यः (anyaḥ) - another; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; अत्र (atra) - here; नः (naḥ) - our; धर्मसंशयः (dharmasaṁśayaḥ) - doubt regarding dharma; तत् (tat) - that; नः (naḥ) - our; छिन्धि (chindhi) - cut; resolve; महाप्राज्ञ (mahāprājña) - O greatly wise; त्वं (tvaṁ) - you; हि (hi) - indeed; वै (vai) - truly; प्राज्ञसंमतः (prājñasaṁmataḥ) - approved by the wise; तत्त्वं (tattvaṁ) - truth; जिज्ञासमानानाम् (jijñāsamānānām) - of those seeking to know; चक्षुः (cakṣuḥ) - eye; भवतु (bhavatu) - may be; नः (naḥ) - our; भवान् (bhavān) - you;]
(Hand-holder and another may be here our doubt regarding dharma; that our cut O greatly wise you indeed truly approved by the wise; truth of those seeking to know eye may be our you; (13-44-48))
There may be another bridegroom here; this is our doubt regarding dharma. O greatly wise one, resolve that for us, for you are truly approved by the wise. May you be the eye (guide) for us who seek to know the truth. (13-44-48)
तानेवं ब्रुवतः सर्वान्सत्यवान्वाक्यमब्रवीत्। यत्रेष्टं तत्र देया स्यान्नात्र कार्या विचारणा ॥ कुर्वते जीवतोऽप्येवं मृते नैवास्ति संशयः ॥१३-४४-४९॥
tānevaṃ bruvataḥ sarvānsatyavān vākyam abravīt। yatreṣṭaṃ tatra deyā syān nātra kāryā vicāraṇā ॥ kurvate jīvato'py evaṃ mṛte naivāsti saṃśayaḥ ॥13-44-49॥
[तान् (tān) - them; एवं (evaṃ) - thus; ब्रुवतः (bruvataḥ) - speaking; सर्वान् (sarvān) - all; सत्यवान् (satyavān) - Satyavan; वाक्यम् (vākyam) - speech; अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - spoke; यत्र (yatra) - where; इष्टम् (iṣṭam) - desired; तत्र (tatra) - there; देया (deyā) - should be given; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; न (na) - not; अत्र (atra) - here; कार्या (kāryā) - should be done; विचारणा (vicāraṇā) - consideration; कुर्वते (kurvate) - they do; जीवतः (jīvataḥ) - of the living; अपि (api) - even; एवं (evaṃ) - thus; मृते (mṛte) - when dead; न (na) - not; एव (eva) - indeed; अस्ति (asti) - there is; संशयः (saṃśayaḥ) - doubt;]
(To them thus speaking all, Satyavan speech spoke. Where desired, there should be given, here not should be done consideration. They do even of the living thus; when dead, indeed there is not doubt. (13-44-49))
To all of them thus speaking, Satyavan spoke these words: "Where it is desired, there it should be given; there should be no consideration here. People do so even for the living; when dead, there is indeed no doubt about it." (13-44-49)
देवरं प्रविशेत्कन्या तप्येद्वापि महत्तपः। तमेवानुव्रता भूत्वा पाणिग्राहस्य नाम सा ॥१३-४४-५०॥
devaraṃ praviśet kanyā tapyed vā api mahat tapaḥ। tam eva anuvratā bhūtvā pāṇigrāhasya nāma sā ॥13-44-50॥
[देवरम् (devaram) - husband's brother; प्रविशेत् (praviśet) - should enter; कन्या (kanyā) - maiden; तप्येत् (tapyet) - should perform austerity; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - also; महत्तपः (mahat tapaḥ) - great penance; तम् (tam) - him; एव (eva) - only; अनुव्रता (anuvratā) - faithful; भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having become; पाणिग्राहस्य (pāṇigrāhasya) - of the husband; नाम (nāma) - name; सा (sā) - she;]
(The maiden should enter (union with) the husband's brother, or also should perform great penance; having become faithful only to him, she is called by the name of the husband.)
A maiden should either unite with her husband's brother or undertake great penance; by being faithful only to him, she bears the name of her husband. (13-44-50)
लिखन्त्येव तु केषाञ्चिदपरेषां शनैरपि। इति ये संवदन्त्यत्र त एतं निश्चयं विदुः ॥१३-४४-५१॥
likhantyeva tu keṣāñcidapareṣāṃ śanairapi। iti ye saṃvadantyatra ta etaṃ niścayaṃ viduḥ ॥13-44-51॥
[लिखन्ति (likhanti) - they write; एव (eva) - indeed; तु (tu) - but; केषाञ्चित् (keṣāñcit) - of some; अपरेषाम् (apareṣām) - of others; शनैः (śanaiḥ) - slowly; अपि (api) - also; इति (iti) - thus; ये (ye) - who; संवदन्ति (saṃvadanti) - speak together; अत्र (atra) - here; ते (te) - they; एतं (etaṃ) - this; निश्चयम् (niścayam) - certainty; विदुः (viduḥ) - know;]
(They write indeed but of some others slowly also. Thus who speak together here, they this certainty know.)
Some write immediately, but for others it is slow. Those who discuss this here know this certainty. (13-44-51)
तत्पाणिग्रहणात्पूर्वमुत्तरं यत्र वर्तते। सर्वमङ्गलमन्त्रं वै मृषावादस्तु पातकः ॥१३-४४-५२॥
tatpāṇigrahaṇātpūrvamuttaraṃ yatra vartate। sarvamaṅgalamantraṃ vai mṛṣāvādastu pātakaḥ ॥13-44-52॥
[तत् (tat) - that; पाणिग्रहणात् (pāṇigrahaṇāt) - from the taking of the hand (marriage); पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - before; उत्तरम् (uttaram) - answer; यत्र (yatra) - where; वर्तते (vartate) - exists; सर्वमङ्गलमन्त्रम् (sarvamaṅgalamantram) - all-auspicious mantra; वै (vai) - indeed; मृषावादः (mṛṣāvādaḥ) - false statement; तु (tu) - but; पातकः (pātakaḥ) - sin;]
(That from the taking of the hand before, answer where exists; all-auspicious mantra indeed, false statement but is sin; (13-44-52))
If an answer exists before the taking of the hand (in marriage), then all auspicious mantras indeed become false statements, and such falsehood is a sin. (13-44-52)
पाणिग्रहणमन्त्राणां निष्ठा स्यात्सप्तमे पदे। पाणिग्राहस्य भार्या स्याद्यस्य चाद्भिः प्रदीयते ॥१३-४४-५३॥
pāṇigrahaṇamantrāṇāṃ niṣṭhā syātsaptame pade. pāṇigrāhasya bhāryā syādyasya cādbhiḥ pradīyate ॥13-44-53॥
[पाणिग्रहणमन्त्राणां (pāṇigrahaṇamantrāṇām) - of the mantras of the taking of the hand; निष्ठा (niṣṭhā) - culmination; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; सप्तमे (saptame) - in the seventh; पदे (pade) - step; पाणिग्राहस्य (pāṇigrāhasya) - of the taker of the hand; भार्या (bhāryā) - wife; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; यस्य (yasya) - of whom; च (ca) - and; अद्भिः (adbhih) - with water; प्रदीयते (pradīyate) - is given;]
(Of the mantras of the taking of the hand, the culmination should be in the seventh step. The wife of the taker of the hand should be she who is given with water.)
The culmination of the mantras for taking the hand should occur at the seventh step. The woman who is given with water becomes the wife of the one who takes her hand. (13-44-53)
अनुकूलामनुवंशां भ्रात्रा दत्तामुपाग्निकाम्। परिक्रम्य यथान्यायं भार्यां विन्देद्द्विजोत्तमः ॥१३-४४-५४॥
anukūlām anuvaṃśāṃ bhrātrā dattām upāgnikām। parikramya yathā-nyāyaṃ bhāryāṃ vinded dvijottamaḥ ॥13-44-54॥
[अनुकूलाम् (anukūlām) - agreeable; favorable; अनुवंशाम् (anuvaṃśām) - of the same lineage; भ्रात्रा (bhrātrā) - by the brother; दत्ताम् (dattām) - given; उपाग्निकाम् (upāgnikām) - having performed the fire ritual; परिक्रम्य (parikramya) - having circumambulated; यथा (yathā) - as; न्यायम् (nyāyam) - according to rule; भार्याम् (bhāryām) - wife; विन्देत् (vindet) - should obtain; द्विजोत्तमः (dvijottamaḥ) - best among twice-born;]
(An agreeable, of the same lineage, given by the brother, having performed the fire ritual, having circumambulated, as according to rule, wife, should obtain, best among twice-born.)
The best among twice-born should obtain as wife an agreeable woman of the same lineage, given by the brother, after performing the fire ritual and circumambulation, according to rule. (13-44-54)
