13.048
वर्णसंकरः
varṇasaṅkaraḥ
[वर्ण (varṇa) - class; संकरः (saṅkaraḥ) - mixture;]
(class mixture)
Mixture of classes
युधिष्ठिर उवाच॥
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca॥
[युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira; (proper name); उवाच (uvāca) - said; spoke;]
(Yudhiṣṭhira said;)
Yudhiṣṭhira said.
अर्थाश्रयाद्वा कामाद्वा वर्णानां वाप्यनिश्चयात्। अज्ञानाद्वापि वर्णानां जायते वर्णसङ्करः ॥१३-४८-१॥
arthāśrayād vā kāmād vā varṇānāṃ vā api aniścayāt। ajñānād vā api varṇānāṃ jāyate varṇasaṅkaraḥ ॥13-48-1॥
[अर्थाश्रयात् (arthāśrayāt) - from dependence on wealth; वा (vā) - or; कामात् (kāmāt) - from desire; वा (vā) - or; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of castes; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - also; अनिश्चयात् (aniścayāt) - from indecision; अज्ञानात् (ajñānāt) - from ignorance; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - also; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of castes; जायते (jāyate) - arises; वर्णसङ्करः (varṇasaṅkaraḥ) - mixture of castes;]
(From dependence on wealth or from desire or from indecision of castes also or from ignorance also of castes arises mixture of castes.)
A mixture of castes arises either from dependence on wealth, from desire, from indecision among castes, or from ignorance regarding the castes. (13-48-1)
तेषामेतेन विधिना जातानां वर्णसङ्करे। को धर्मः कानि कर्माणि तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥१३-४८-२॥
teṣāmetena vidhinā jātānāṃ varṇasaṅkare। ko dharmaḥ kāni karmāṇi tanme brūhi pitāmaha ॥13-48-2॥
[तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them; एतेन (etena) - by this; विधिना (vidhinā) - by method; जातानाम् (jātānām) - of those born; वर्णसङ्करे (varṇasaṅkare) - in mixture of castes; कः (kaḥ) - what; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; कानि (kāni) - which; कर्माणि (karmāṇi) - actions; तत् (tat) - that; मे (me) - to me; ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell; पितामह (pitāmaha) - O grandsire;]
(Of them, by this method, of those born in mixture of castes, what duty, which actions, that to me tell, O grandsire.)
O grandsire, for those born of mixture of castes by this method, what is their duty and which actions should they perform? Please tell me that. (13-48-2)
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma; उवाच (uvāca) - said;]
(Bhishma said;)
Bhishma said.
चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य कर्माणि चातुर्वर्ण्यं च केवलम्। असृजत्स ह यज्ञार्थे पूर्वमेव प्रजापतिः ॥१३-४८-३॥
cāturvarṇyasya karmāṇi cāturvarṇyaṃ ca kevalam। asṛjatsa ha yajñārthe pūrvameva prajāpatiḥ ॥13-48-3॥
[चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य (cāturvarṇyasya) - of the fourfold order; कर्माणि (karmāṇi) - actions; चातुर्वर्ण्यं (cāturvarṇyam) - the fourfold order; च (ca) - and; केवलम् (kevalam) - alone; असृजत् (asṛjat) - created; स (sa) - he; ह (ha) - indeed; यज्ञार्थे (yajñārthe) - for the sake of sacrifice; पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - formerly; एव (eva) - indeed; प्रजापतिः (prajāpatiḥ) - the Lord of creatures;]
(Of the fourfold order, actions, and the fourfold order alone, he indeed created for the sake of sacrifice, formerly indeed, the Lord of creatures.)
The Lord of creatures (Prajapati) formerly created the actions of the fourfold order and the fourfold order itself solely for the sake of sacrifice. (13-48-3)
भार्याश्चतस्रो विप्रस्य द्वयोरात्मास्य जायते। आनुपूर्व्याद्द्वयोर्हीनौ मातृजात्यौ प्रसूयतः ॥१३-४८-४॥
bhāryāś catasro viprasya dvayor ātmā asya jāyate। ānupūrvayād dvayor hīnāu mātṛjātyau prasūyataḥ ॥13-48-4॥
[भार्याः (bhāryāḥ) - wives; चतस्रः (catasraḥ) - four; विप्रस्य (viprasya) - of the brāhmaṇa; द्वयोः (dvayoḥ) - from two; आत्मा (ātmā) - self; अस्य (asya) - his; जायते (jāyate) - is born; आनुपूर्व्यात् (ānupūrvayāt) - in order; द्वयोः (dvayoḥ) - from two; हीनौ (hīnāu) - inferior; मातृजात्यौ (mātṛjātyau) - of the mother's caste; प्रसूयतः (prasūyataḥ) - are born;]
(Wives four of the brāhmaṇa from two self his is born. In order from two inferior of the mother's caste are born.)
A brāhmaṇa has four wives; from two of them his own self (sons of his own caste) are born. In order, from the other two, inferior sons of the mother's caste are born. (13-48-4)
परं शवाद्ब्राह्मणस्यैष पुत्रः; शूद्रापुत्रं पारशवं तमाहुः। शुश्रूषकः स्वस्य कुलस्य स स्या; त्स्वं चारित्रं नित्यमथो न जह्यात् ॥१३-४८-५॥
paraṃ śvādbrāhmaṇasyaiṣa putraḥ; śūdrāputraṃ pāraśavaṃ tamāhuḥ। śuśrūṣakaḥ svasya kulasya sa syā; tsvaṁ cāritraṃ nityamatho na jahyāt ॥13-48-5॥
[परम् (param) - but; श्वात् (śvāt) - from a śva (śūdra woman); ब्राह्मणस्य (brāhmaṇasya) - of a brāhmaṇa; एषः (eṣaḥ) - this; पुत्रः (putraḥ) - son; शूद्रापुत्रम् (śūdrāputram) - son of a śūdrā; पारशवम् (pāraśavam) - pāraśava (mixed caste); तम् (tam) - him; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they call; शुश्रूषकः (śuśrūṣakaḥ) - servant; स्वस्य (svasya) - of his own; कुलस्य (kulasya) - of the family; सः (saḥ) - he; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; स्वम् (svam) - his own; चारित्रम् (cāritram) - conduct; नित्यम् (nityam) - always; अथः (atho) - and; न (na) - not; जह्यात् (jahyāt) - should abandon;]
(But from a śva (śūdra woman), of a brāhmaṇa, this son; son of a śūdrā, pāraśava, him they call. Servant of his own family he should be; his own conduct always and not should abandon.)
But the son born to a brāhmaṇa from a śūdra woman is called a pāraśava, the son of a śūdrā; he should serve his own family and should never abandon his own conduct. (13-48-5)
सर्वानुपायानपि सम्प्रधार्य; समुद्धरेत्स्वस्य कुलस्य तन्तुम्। ज्येष्ठो यवीयानपि यो द्विजस्य; शुश्रूषवान्दानपरायणः स्यात् ॥१३-४८-६॥
sarvānupāyān api sampradhārya; samuddharet svasya kulasya tantum. jyeṣṭho yavīyān api yo dvijasya; śuśrūṣavān dānaparāyaṇaḥ syāt ॥13-48-6॥
[सर्वानुपायान् (sarvānupāyān) - all means; अपि (api) - even; सम्प्रधार्य (sampradhārya) - having thoroughly considered; समुद्धरेत् (samuddharet) - should uplift; स्वस्य (svasya) - his own; कुलस्य (kulasya) - of the family; तन्तुम् (tantum) - lineage; ज्येष्ठः (jyeṣṭhaḥ) - the eldest; यवीयान् (yavīyān) - the younger; अपि (api) - even; यः (yaḥ) - who; द्विजस्य (dvijasya) - of a twice-born; शुश्रूषवान् (śuśrūṣavān) - obedient; दानपरायणः (dānaparāyaṇaḥ) - devoted to giving; स्यात् (syāt) - should be;]
(Having thoroughly considered even all means, the eldest or even the younger who is obedient and devoted to giving should uplift his own family's lineage.)
After carefully considering all possible means, the eldest or even the younger among the twice-born who is obedient and devoted to charity should uplift the lineage of his own family. (13-48-6)
तिस्रः क्षत्रियसम्बन्धाद्द्वयोरात्मास्य जायते। हीनवर्णस्तृतीयायां शूद्र उग्र इति स्मृतः ॥१३-४८-७॥
tisraḥ kṣatriyasambandhāddvayorātmāsya jāyate. hīnavarṇastṛtīyāyāṃ śūdra ugra iti smṛtaḥ ॥13-48-7॥
[तिस्रः (tisraḥ) - three (feminine); क्षत्रियसम्बन्धात् (kṣatriyasambandhāt) - from connection with a kṣatriya; द्वयोः (dvayoḥ) - of two (feminine); आत्मा (ātmā) - self; अस्य (asya) - of him; जायते (jāyate) - is born; हीनवर्णः (hīnavarṇaḥ) - lower caste; तृतीयायाम् (tṛtīyāyām) - in the third (feminine); शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - śūdra; उग्रः (ugraḥ) - ugra; इति (iti) - thus; स्मृतः (smṛtaḥ) - is remembered;]
(Three (feminine) from connection with a kṣatriya of two (feminine) self of him is born. Lower caste in the third (feminine) śūdra ugra thus is remembered.)
It is said that from the union of a kṣatriya with women of the first two castes, three types of offspring are born. In the case of the third, a lower caste, the śūdra called 'ugra', is remembered. (13-48-7)
द्वे चापि भार्ये वैश्यस्य द्वयोरात्मास्य जायते। शूद्रा शूद्रस्य चाप्येका शूद्रमेव प्रजायते ॥१३-४८-८॥
dve cāpi bhārye vaiśyasya dvayorātmāsya jāyate। śūdrā śūdrasya cāpyekā śūdrameva prajāyate ॥13-48-8॥
[द्वे (dve) - two (feminine); च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; भार्ये (bhārye) - wives (locative dual); वैश्यस्य (vaiśyasya) - of a Vaiśya; द्वयोः (dvayoḥ) - from two; आत्मा (ātmā) - self; soul; अस्य (asya) - of him; his; जायते (jāyate) - is born; शूद्रा (śūdrā) - a Śūdra woman; शूद्रस्य (śūdrasya) - of a Śūdra; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; एका (ekā) - one (feminine); शूद्रम् (śūdram) - a Śūdra (male); एव (eva) - only; indeed; प्रजायते (prajāyate) - is born;]
(Two also wives of a Vaiśya, from two his self is born. A Śūdra woman of a Śūdra and also one (wife), only a Śūdra is born.)
A Vaiśya has two wives, and from both his self is born. A Śūdra has one wife, a Śūdra woman, and only a Śūdra is born from them. (13-48-8)
अतो विशिष्टस्त्वधमो गुरुदारप्रधर्षकः। बाह्यं वर्णं जनयति चातुर्वर्ण्यविगर्हितम् ॥१३-४८-९॥
ato viśiṣṭastvadhamo gurudārapradharṣakaḥ। bāhyaṃ varṇaṃ janayati cāturvarṇyavigarhītam ॥13-48-9॥
[अतः (ataḥ) - therefore; from this; from here; विशिष्टः (viśiṣṭaḥ) - distinguished; special; superior; त्व् (tv) - but; indeed; अधमः (adhamaḥ) - lowest; vile; base; गुरुदारप्रधर्षकः (gurudārapradharṣakaḥ) - violator of teacher's wife; one who violates the wife of the teacher; बाह्यं (bāhyam) - external; outward; वर्णं (varṇam) - caste; color; class; जनयति (janayati) - produces; generates; gives rise to; च (ca) - and; चातुर्वर्ण्यविगर्हितम् (cāturvarṇyavigarhītam) - condemned by the four castes; despised by the fourfold order;]
(Therefore, the distinguished but lowest violator of the teacher's wife produces an external caste, condemned by the fourfold order.)
Therefore, the one who, though distinguished, is the lowest due to violating the teacher's wife, generates an external caste that is despised by all four classes. (13-48-9)
अयाज्यं क्षत्रियो व्रात्यं सूतं स्तोमक्रियापरम्। वैश्यो वैदेहकं चापि मौद्गल्यमपवर्जितम् ॥१३-४८-१०॥
ayājyaṃ kṣatriyo vrātyaṃ sūtaṃ stomakriyāparam। vaiśyo vaidehakaṃ cāpi maudgalyamapavarjitam ॥13-48-10॥
[अयाज्यं (ayājyaṃ) - not to be sacrificed for; not fit for yajña; क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - a Kṣatriya; warrior class; व्रात्यम् (vrātyam) - outcaste; fallen from caste; सूतम् (sūtam) - charioteer; son of a Kṣatriya father and a Brahmin mother; स्तोमक्रियापरम् (stomakriyāparam) - engaged in stoma rituals; devoted to ritual acts; वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - a Vaiśya; merchant class; वैदेहकम् (vaidehakam) - offspring of a Vaiśya and a Śūdra woman; a mixed caste; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; मौद्गल्यम् (maudgalyam) - descendant of Mudgala; a particular mixed caste; अपवर्जितम् (apavarjitam) - not to be excluded; not rejected;]
(Not to be sacrificed for, a Kṣatriya, an outcaste, a charioteer, engaged in stoma rituals; a Vaiśya, a Vaidehaka, and also a Maudgalya, not to be excluded.)
A Kṣatriya must not perform sacrifices for an outcaste, a charioteer, or one devoted to stoma rituals; a Vaiśya, a Vaidehaka, and also a Maudgalya are not to be excluded. (13-48-10)
शूद्रश्चण्डालमत्युग्रं वध्यघ्नं बाह्यवासिनम्। ब्राह्मण्यां सम्प्रजायन्त इत्येते कुलपांसनाः ॥ एते मतिमतां श्रेष्ठ वर्णसङ्करजाः प्रभो ॥१३-४८-११॥
śūdraś caṇḍālam atyugraṃ vadhyaghnaṃ bāhyavāsinam। brāhmaṇyāṃ samprajāyanta itye te kulapāṃsanāḥ ॥ ete matimatāṃ śreṣṭha varṇasaṅkarajāḥ prabho ॥13-48-11॥
[शूद्र (śūdra) - servile class; चण्डालम् (caṇḍālam) - outcaste; अत्युग्रं (atyugram) - very fierce; वध्यघ्नं (vadhyaghnam) - killer of the condemned; बाह्यवासिनम् (bāhyavāsinam) - dwelling outside; ब्राह्मण्यां (brāhmaṇyām) - in a Brahmin woman; सम्प्रजायन्त (samprajāyanta) - are born; इति (iti) - thus; एते (ete) - these; कुलपांसनाः (kulapāṃsanāḥ) - defilers of the family; एते (ete) - these; मतिमतां (matimatām) - of the wise; श्रेष्ठ (śreṣṭha) - best; वर्णसङ्करजाः (varṇasaṅkarajāḥ) - born of mixture of castes; प्रभो (prabho) - O lord;]
(śūdra, caṇḍāla, very fierce, killer of the condemned, dwelling outside, in a Brahmin woman, are born; thus, these, defilers of the family; these, of the wise, best, born of mixture of castes, O lord.)
O lord, the śūdra, caṇḍāla, those who are very fierce, killers of the condemned, and dwellers outside, are born from a Brahmin woman; thus, these are defilers of the family. These, O best of the wise, are born from the mixture of castes. (13-48-11)
बन्दी तु जायते वैश्यान्मागधो वाक्यजीवनः। शूद्रान्निषादो मत्स्यघ्नः क्षत्रियायां व्यतिक्रमात् ॥१३-४८-१२॥
bandī tu jāyate vaiśyān māgadhō vākyajīvanaḥ। śūdrān niṣādō matsyaghnaḥ kṣatriyāyāṃ vyatikramāt ॥13-48-12॥
[बन्दी (bandī) - prisoner; or bard; तु (tu) - but; जायते (jāyate) - is born; वैश्यान् (vaiśyān) - from Vaiśyas; मागधः (māgadhaḥ) - Māgadha (bard); वाक्यजीवनः (vākyajīvanaḥ) - living by words; शूद्रान् (śūdrān) - from Śūdras; निषादः (niṣādaḥ) - Niṣāda (tribe); मत्स्यघ्नः (matsyaghnaḥ) - killer of fish; क्षत्रियायाम् (kṣatriyāyām) - in a Kṣatriya woman; व्यतिक्रमात् (vyatikramāt) - from transgression;]
(But a bandī is born from Vaiśyas, a Māgadha (bard) living by words; from Śūdras, a Niṣāda, killer of fish, in a Kṣatriya woman from transgression.)
But a bandī (bard) is born from Vaiśyas, a Māgadha who lives by words; from Śūdras, a Niṣāda, killer of fish, is born in a Kṣatriya woman through transgression. (13-48-12)
शूद्रादायोगवश्चापि वैश्यायां ग्रामधर्मिणः। ब्राह्मणैरप्रतिग्राह्यस्तक्षा स वनजीवनः ॥१३-४८-१३॥
śūdrād āyogavaś ca api vaiśyāyāṃ grāmadharmiṇaḥ। brāhmaṇaiḥ apratigrahyaḥ takṣā sa vanajīvanaḥ ॥13-48-13॥
[शूद्रात् (śūdrāt) - from a Śūdra; आयोगवः (āyogavaḥ) - offspring of a union with a craftsman; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; वैश्यायाम् (vaiśyāyām) - from a Vaiśyā woman; ग्रामधर्मिणः (grāmadharmiṇaḥ) - village-dweller; ब्राह्मणैः (brāhmaṇaiḥ) - by Brāhmaṇas; अप्रतिग्राह्यः (apratigrahyaḥ) - not to be accepted; तक्षा (takṣā) - carpenter; स (sa) - he; वनजीवनः (vanajīvanaḥ) - forest-dweller;]
(From a Śūdra, the offspring of a craftsman, and also from a Vaiśyā woman, the village-dweller; by Brāhmaṇas, not to be accepted, the carpenter, he, forest-dweller.)
The carpenter, born from a Śūdra and a Vaiśyā woman or a craftsman, who lives in the village, is not to be accepted by Brāhmaṇas; he is a forest-dweller. (13-48-13)
एतेऽपि सदृशं वर्णं जनयन्ति स्वयोनिषु। मातृजात्यां प्रसूयन्ते प्रवरा हीनयोनिषु ॥१३-४८-१४॥
ete'pi sadṛśaṃ varṇaṃ janayanti svayoniṣu। mātṛjātyāṃ prasūyante pravarā hīnayoniṣu ॥13-48-14॥
[एते (ete) - these; अपि (api) - also; सदृशं (sadṛśaṃ) - similar; वर्णं (varṇaṃ) - caste; जनयन्ति (janayanti) - produce; स्वयोनिषु (svayoniṣu) - in their own wombs; मातृजात्यां (mātṛjātyāṃ) - in the mother's caste; प्रसूयन्ते (prasūyante) - are born; प्रवरा (pravara) - the superior ones; हीनयोनिषु (hīnayoniṣu) - in inferior wombs;]
(These also similar caste produce in their own wombs. In the mother's caste are born the superior ones in inferior wombs. (13-48-14))
These too produce offspring of similar caste in their own wombs. The superior ones, when born in the mother's caste, are born even in inferior wombs. (13-48-14)
यथा चतुर्षु वर्णेषु द्वयोरात्मास्य जायते। आनन्तर्यात्तु जायन्ते तथा बाह्याः प्रधानतः ॥१३-४८-१५॥
yathā caturṣu varṇeṣu dvayor ātmāsya jāyate। ānantaryāt tu jāyante tathā bāhyāḥ pradhānataḥ ॥13-48-15॥
[यथा (yathā) - just as; चतुर्षु (caturṣu) - in four; वर्णेषु (varṇeṣu) - in colors; द्वयोः (dvayoḥ) - of two; आत्मा (ātmā) - self; अस्य (asya) - of this; जायते (jāyate) - is born; आनन्तर्यात् (ānantaryāt) - from succession; तु (tu) - but; जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born; तथा (tathā) - so; बाह्याः (bāhyāḥ) - external; प्रधानतः (pradhānataḥ) - from the chief;]
(Just as in the four colors, the self of this is born from two; but from succession, so the externals are born from the chief.)
Just as, among the four colors, the self of this arises from two; but from succession, the external ones are produced primarily from the chief. (13-48-15)
ते चापि सदृशं वर्णं जनयन्ति स्वयोनिषु। परस्परस्य वर्तन्तो जनयन्ति विगर्हितान् ॥१३-४८-१६॥
te cāpi sadṛśaṃ varṇaṃ janayanti svayoniṣu. parasparasya vartanto janayanti vigarhitān ॥13-48-16॥
[ते (te) - they; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; सदृशं (sadṛśaṃ) - similar; वर्णं (varṇaṃ) - color; caste; type; जनयन्ति (janayanti) - produce; generate; स्वयोनिषु (svayoniṣu) - in their own wombs; in their own species; परस्परस्य (parasparasya) - of each other; वर्तन्तः (vartantaḥ) - associating; behaving; जनयन्ति (janayanti) - produce; generate; विगर्हितान् (vigarhitān) - blameworthy; reprehensible;]
(They and also similar color (caste) produce in their own wombs; of each other associating produce blameworthy.)
They also produce offspring of similar color (caste) in their own species; but when associating with each other, they produce blameworthy (offspring). (13-48-16)
यथा च शूद्रो ब्राह्मण्यां जन्तुं बाह्यं प्रसूयते। एवं बाह्यतराद्बाह्यश्चातुर्वर्ण्यात्प्रसूयते ॥१३-४८-१७॥
yathā ca śūdro brāhmaṇyāṃ jantuṃ bāhyaṃ prasūyate। evaṃ bāhyatarādbāhyaścāturvarṇyātprasūyate ॥13-48-17॥
[यथा (yathā) - just as; च (ca) - and; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a Śūdra; ब्राह्मण्याम् (brāhmaṇyām) - in a Brāhmaṇa woman; जन्तुम् (jantuṃ) - a being; बाह्यम् (bāhyam) - outside; प्रसूयते (prasūyate) - is born; एवम् (evam) - so; बाह्यतरात् (bāhyatarāt) - from one even more outside; बाह्यः (bāhyaḥ) - an outsider; च (ca) - and; चातुर्वर्ण्यात् (cāturvarṇyāt) - from the fourfold caste; प्रसूयते (prasūyate) - is born;]
(Just as a Śūdra and a being outside is born in a Brāhmaṇa woman, so from one even more outside, an outsider and from the fourfold caste is born.)
Just as a Śūdra or an outsider may be born from a Brāhmaṇa woman, in the same way, from someone even more outside, an outsider is born, apart from the fourfold caste. (13-48-17)
प्रतिलोमं तु वर्तन्तो बाह्याद्बाह्यतरं पुनः। हीना हीनात्प्रसूयन्ते वर्णाः पञ्चदशैव ते ॥१३-४८-१८॥
pratilomaṃ tu vartanto bāhyādbāhyataraṃ punaḥ। hīnā hīnātprasūyante varṇāḥ pañcadaśaiva te ॥13-48-18॥
[प्रतिलोमं (pratilomaṃ) - against the natural order; तु (tu) - but; वर्तन्तः (vartantaḥ) - they proceed; बाह्यात् (bāhyāt) - from the outer; बाह्यतरं (bāhyataraṃ) - more outer; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; हीनाः (hīnāḥ) - inferior ones; हीनात् (hīnāt) - from the inferior; प्रसूयन्ते (prasūyante) - are produced; वर्णाः (varṇāḥ) - classes; पञ्चदश (pañcadaśa) - fifteen; एव (eva) - indeed; ते (te) - they;]
(Against the natural order but they proceed from the outer to the more outer again. Inferior ones from the inferior are produced, classes fifteen indeed they.)
But proceeding against the natural order, they go from the outer to the more outer again. From the inferior, inferior classes are produced; these are indeed fifteen classes. (13-48-18)
अगम्यागमनाच्चैव वर्तते वर्णसङ्करः। व्रात्यानामत्र जायन्ते सैरन्ध्रा मागधेषु च ॥ प्रसाधनोपचारज्ञमदासं दासजीवनम् ॥१३-४८-१९॥
agamyāgamanāccaiva vartate varṇasaṅkaraḥ। vrātyānāmatra jāyante sairandhrā māgadheṣu ca ॥ prasādhanōpacārajñamadāsaṃ dāsajīvanam ॥13-48-19॥
[अगम्य (agamya) - not to be approached; forbidden; आगमनात् (āgamanāt) - from intercourse; from coming; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; वर्तते (vartate) - arises; exists; वर्णसङ्करः (varṇasaṅkaraḥ) - mixture of castes; व्रात्यानाम् (vrātyānām) - of outcastes; अत्र (atra) - here; जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born; सैरन्ध्राः (sairandhrāḥ) - maidservants; मागधेषु (māgadheṣu) - among the Magadhas; च (ca) - and; प्रसाधन (prasādhana) - adornment; उपचार (upacāra) - service; ज्ञ (jña) - knowing; मदासम् (madāsam) - female servant; दासजीवनम् (dāsajīvanam) - life of a servant;]
(From forbidden intercourse indeed arises mixture of castes; among outcastes here are born maidservants and among the Magadhas also; knowing the service of adornment, female servant, life of a servant. (13-48-19))
Mixture of castes arises from forbidden unions; among outcastes here are born maidservants and among the Magadhas as well; those who know the service of adornment, female servants, and the life of a servant. (13-48-19)
अतश्चायोगवं सूते वागुरावनजीवनम्। मैरेयकं च वैदेहः सम्प्रसूतेऽथ माधुकम् ॥१३-४८-२०॥
ataś cāyogavaṃ sūte vāgurāvanajīvanam। maireyakaṃ ca vaidehaḥ samprasūte'tha mādhukam ॥13-48-20॥
[अतः (ataḥ) - from this; च (ca) - and; अयोगवम् (ayogavam) - ayogava (a kind of plant); सूते (sūte) - produces; वागुरावनजीवनम् (vāgurāvanajīvanam) - vāgurāvanajīvana (a kind of plant); मैरेयकं (maireyakam) - maireyaka (a kind of plant); च (ca) - and; वैदेहः (vaidehaḥ) - the Vaideha (tree); सम्प्रसूते (samprasūte) - brings forth; अथ (atha) - then; माधुकम् (mādhukam) - mādhuka (a kind of plant);]
(From this and ayogava produces vāgurāvanajīvana. Maireyaka and the Vaideha brings forth then mādhuka.)
From this, the ayogava tree produces vāgurāvanajīvana. The Vaideha tree also brings forth maireyaka and then mādhuka. (13-48-20)
निषादो मुद्गरं सूते दाशं नावोपजीविनम्। मृतपं चापि चण्डालः श्वपाकमतिकुत्सितम् ॥१३-४८-२१॥
niṣādo mudgaraṃ sūte dāśaṃ nāvopajīvinam। mṛtapaṃ cāpi caṇḍālaḥ śvapākamatikutsitam ॥13-48-21॥
[निषादः (niṣādaḥ) - Nishada; (a tribal group); मुद्गरम् (mudgaram) - club; mace; सूते (sūte) - produces; brings forth; दाशम् (dāśam) - Das'a; (another tribe); नावोपजीविनम् (nāvopajīvinam) - living by boat; boatman; मृतपम् (mṛtapam) - eater of the dead; one who eats dead things; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; चण्डालः (caṇḍālaḥ) - Chandala; (outcaste); श्वपाकम् (śvapākam) - dog-cooker; one who cooks dog; अतिकुत्सितम् (atikutsitam) - extremely despicable;]
(The Nishada produces the club, the Dasa lives by the boat; the eater of the dead and also the Chandala, the dog-cooker, extremely despicable.)
The Nishada produces the club, the Dasa lives as a boatman; the eater of the dead and also the Chandala, the dog-cooker, are considered extremely despicable. (13-48-21)
चतुरो मागधी सूते क्रूरान्मायोपजीविनः। मांसस्वादुकरं सूदं सौगन्धमिति सञ्ज्ञितम् ॥१३-४८-२२॥
caturo māgadhī sūte krūrān māyopajīvinaḥ। māṃsasvādukaraṃ sūdaṃ saugandham iti sañjñitam ॥13-48-22॥
[चतुरः (caturaḥ) - four; मागधी (māgadhī) - of Magadha; सूते (sūte) - cook; क्रूरान् (krūrān) - cruel; मायोपजीविनः (māyopajīvinaḥ) - those living by deceit; मांसस्वादुकरम् (māṃsasvādukaram) - making meat tasty; सूदम् (sūdam) - cook; सौगन्धम् (saugandham) - fragrant; इति (iti) - thus; सञ्ज्ञितम् (sañjñitam) - named;]
(Four cooks of Magadha, cruel, living by deceit, making meat tasty, the cook, fragrant, thus named.)
The four cooks of Magadha, who are cruel and live by deceit, are known as those who make meat tasty and fragrant. (13-48-22)
वैदेहकाच्च पापिष्ठं क्रूरं भार्योपजीविनम्। निषादान्मद्रनाभं च खरयानप्रयायिनम् ॥१३-४८-२३॥
vaidehakāc ca pāpiṣṭhaṃ krūraṃ bhāryopajīvinam। niṣādān madranābhaṃ ca kharayānaprayāyinam ॥13-48-23॥
[वैदेहकात् (vaidehakāt) - from the Vaidehaka; च (ca) - and; पापिष्ठम् (pāpiṣṭham) - most sinful; क्रूरम् (krūram) - cruel; भार्योपजीविनम् (bhāryopajīvinam) - living off the wife; निषादात् (niṣādāt) - from the Niṣāda; मद्रनाभम् (madranābham) - Madranābha; च (ca) - and; खरयानप्रयायिनम् (kharayānaprayāyinam) - one who goes by donkey-cart;]
(From the Vaidehaka, the most sinful, cruel, living off the wife; from the Niṣāda, Madranābha, and one who goes by donkey-cart.)
From the Vaidehaka comes one who is most sinful, cruel, and lives off his wife; from the Niṣāda, Madranābha, and one who travels by donkey-cart. (13-48-23)
चण्डालात्पुल्कसं चापि खराश्वगजभोजिनम्। मृतचेलप्रतिच्छन्नं भिन्नभाजनभोजिनम् ॥१३-४८-२४॥
caṇḍālāt pulkasaṃ cāpi kharāśvagajabhojinam। mṛtacelapratichannaṃ bhinnabhājanabhojinam ॥13-48-24॥
[चण्डालात् (caṇḍālāt) - from a caṇḍāla; (outcaste); पुल्कसं (pulkasaṃ) - from a pulkasa; (tribal); च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; खराश्वगजभोजिनम् (kharāśvagajabhojinam) - one who eats donkey, horse, and elephant; (meat); मृतचेलप्रतिच्छन्नं (mṛtacelapratichchhannaṃ) - covered with a dead man's cloth; भिन्नभाजनभोजिनम् (bhinnabhājanabhojinam) - one who eats from broken vessels;]
(From a caṇḍāla, from a pulkasa, and also one who eats donkey, horse, and elephant; covered with a dead man's cloth, one who eats from broken vessels.)
From a caṇḍāla, from a pulkasa, and also from one who eats the flesh of donkeys, horses, and elephants; from one covered with a dead man's cloth, and from one who eats from broken vessels. (13-48-24)
आयोगवीषु जायन्ते हीनवर्णासु ते त्रयः। क्षुद्रो वैदेहकादन्ध्रो बहिर्ग्रामप्रतिश्रयः ॥१३-४८-२५॥
āyogavīṣu jāyante hīnavarṇāsu te trayaḥ। kṣudro vaidehakād andhro bahirgrāmapratiśrayaḥ ॥13-48-25॥
[आयोगवीषु (āyogavīṣu) - among women of low occupation; जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born; हीनवर्णासु (hīnavarṇāsu) - among those of inferior caste; ते (te) - those; त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three; क्षुद्रः (kṣudraḥ) - the low one; वैदेहकात् (vaidehakāt) - from a Vaidehaka woman; अन्ध्रः (andhraḥ) - the Andhra; बहिः (bahih) - outside; ग्राम (grāma) - village; प्रतिश्रयः (pratiśrayaḥ) - shelter;]
(Among women of low occupation, among those of inferior caste, those three are born: the low one from a Vaidehaka woman, the Andhra, (and) the one who takes shelter outside the village.)
Among women of low occupation and inferior caste, three types are born: the Kshudra from a Vaidehaka woman, the Andhra, and the one who lives outside the village. (13-48-25)
कारावरो निषाद्यां तु चर्मकारात्प्रजायते। चण्डालात्पाण्डुसौपाकस्त्वक्सारव्यवहारवान् ॥१३-४८-२६॥
kārāvaro niṣādyāṃ tu carmakārāt prajāyate। caṇḍālāt pāṇḍusaupākaḥ tvaksāravyavahāravān ॥13-48-26॥
[कारावरो (kārāvaraḥ) - offspring of a jailer; निषाद्यां (niṣādyām) - from a Niṣāda woman; तु (tu) - but; चर्मकारात् (carmakārāt) - from a tanner; प्रजायते (prajāyate) - is born; चण्डालात् (caṇḍālāt) - from a Caṇḍāla; पाण्डुसौपाकः (pāṇḍusaupākaḥ) - Pāṇḍu-saupāka (a mixed caste); त्वक्सारव्यवहारवान् (tvaksāravyavahāravān) - engaged in the trade of leather;]
(The offspring of a jailer is born from a Niṣāda woman, but from a tanner. From a Caṇḍāla, the Pāṇḍu-saupāka (a mixed caste) is born, engaged in the trade of leather.)
The offspring called Kārāvara is born from a Niṣāda woman and a tanner. From a Caṇḍāla is born the Pāṇḍu-saupāka, who is engaged in the trade of leather. (13-48-26)
आहिण्डिको निषादेन वैदेह्यां सम्प्रजायते। चण्डालेन तु सौपाको मौद्गल्यसमवृत्तिमान् ॥१३-४८-२७॥
āhiṇḍiko niṣādena vaidehyāṃ samprajāyate। caṇḍālena tu saupāko maudgalyasamavṛttimān ॥13-48-27॥
[आहिण्डिकः (āhiṇḍikaḥ) - offspring of Niṣāda and Vaidehī; निषादेन (niṣādena) - by Niṣāda; वैदेह्यां (vaidehyāṃ) - in Vaidehī (woman of Videha); सम्प्रजायते (samprajāyate) - is born; चण्डालेन (caṇḍālena) - by Caṇḍāla; तु (tu) - but; सौपाकः (saupākaḥ) - Saupāka (offspring of Caṇḍāla and Maudgalya); मौद्गल्यसमवृत्तिमान् (maudgalyasamavṛttimān) - having the same conduct as Maudgalya;]
(Āhiṇḍika is born by Niṣāda in Vaidehī. By Caṇḍāla, but, Saupāka having the same conduct as Maudgalya.)
The Āhiṇḍika is born from a Niṣāda man and a Vaidehī woman. The Saupāka, who has the same conduct as a Maudgalya, is born from a Caṇḍāla. (13-48-27)
निषादी चापि चण्डालात्पुत्रमन्तावसायिनम्। श्मशानगोचरं सूते बाह्यैरपि बहिष्कृतम् ॥१३-४८-२८॥
niṣādī cāpi caṇḍālāt putram antāvasāyinam। śmaśāna-gocaraṃ sūte bāhyair api bahiṣkṛtam ॥13-48-28॥
[निषादी (niṣādī) - female of the Niṣāda tribe; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; चण्डालात् (caṇḍālāt) - from a Caṇḍāla; पुत्रम् (putram) - son; अन्तावसायिनम् (antāvasāyinam) - dwelling at the end (i.e., outcaste); श्मशानगोचरम् (śmaśāna-gocaram) - moving in cremation grounds; सूते (sūte) - gives birth; बाह्यैः (bāhyaiḥ) - by the outcasts; अपि (api) - even; बहिष्कृतम् (bahiṣkṛtam) - expelled;]
(The Niṣādī also gives birth to a son from a Caṇḍāla, dwelling at the end (outcaste), moving in cremation grounds, expelled even by the outcasts.)
The Niṣādī woman also gives birth to a son by a Caṇḍāla, who lives as an outcaste, roams the cremation grounds, and is expelled even by those who are themselves outcasts. (13-48-28)
इत्येताः सङ्करे जात्यः पितृमातृव्यतिक्रमात्। प्रच्छन्ना वा प्रकाशा वा वेदितव्याः स्वकर्मभिः ॥१३-४८-२९॥
ityetāḥ saṅkare jātyaḥ pitṛmātṛvyatikramāt। pracchannā vā prakāśā vā veditavyāḥ svakarmabhiḥ ॥13-48-29॥
[इति (iti) - thus; एताः (etāḥ) - these; सङ्करे (saṅkare) - in mixture (of castes); जात्यः (jātyaḥ) - births; lineages; पितृमातृव्यतिक्रमात् (pitṛmātṛvyatikramāt) - from transgression of father and mother; प्रच्छन्नाः (pracchannāḥ) - hidden; वा (vā) - or; प्रकाशाः (prakāśāḥ) - manifest; वा (vā) - or; वेदितव्याः (veditavyāḥ) - to be known; स्वकर्मभिः (svakarmabhiḥ) - by their own actions;]
(Thus these births in mixture (of castes), from transgression of father and mother, whether hidden or manifest, are to be known by their own actions.)
Thus, these lineages arising from the mixture of castes, due to the transgression of father and mother, whether hidden or manifest, should be recognized by their own actions. (13-48-29)
चतुर्णामेव वर्णानां धर्मो नान्यस्य विद्यते। वर्णानां धर्महीनेषु सञ्ज्ञा नास्तीह कस्यचित् ॥१३-४८-३०॥
caturṇāmeva varṇānāṃ dharmo nānyasya vidyate। varṇānāṃ dharmahīneṣu sañjñā nāstīha kasyacit ॥13-48-30॥
[चतुर्णाम् (caturṇām) - of the four; एव (eva) - indeed; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of castes; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; न (na) - not; अन्यस्य (anyasya) - of another; विद्यते (vidyate) - exists; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of castes; धर्महीनेषु (dharmahīneṣu) - in those devoid of duty; सञ्ज्ञा (sañjñā) - designation; न (na) - not; अस्ति (asti) - is; इह (iha) - here; कस्यचित् (kasyacit) - of anyone;]
(Of the four indeed of castes duty not of another exists. Of castes in those devoid of duty designation not is here of anyone.)
The duty belongs only to the four castes, not to any other. Among castes, for those devoid of duty, there is no designation here for anyone. (13-48-30)
यदृच्छयोपसम्पन्नैर्यज्ञसाधुबहिष्कृतैः। बाह्या बाह्यैस्तु जायन्ते यथावृत्ति यथाश्रयम् ॥१३-४८-३१॥
yadṛcchayopasampannairyajñasādhubahiskṛtaiḥ। bāhyā bāhyaistu jāyante yathāvṛtti yathāśrayam ॥13-48-31॥
[यदृच्छया (yadṛcchayā) - by chance; spontaneously; उपसम्पन्नैः (upasampannaiḥ) - obtained; acquired; यज्ञसाधु (yajñasādhu) - fit for sacrifice; suitable for ritual; बहिष्कृतैः (bahiskṛtaiḥ) - excluded; expelled; बाह्याः (bāhyāḥ) - external; outer; बाह्यैः (bāhyaiḥ) - by externals; by outer ones; तु (tu) - but; however; जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born; arise; यथा (yathā) - as; according to; वृत्ति (vṛtti) - conduct; livelihood; यथा (yathā) - as; according to; आश्रयम् (āśrayam) - support; basis;]
(By those who have obtained by chance, excluded as unfit for sacrifice, externals are born by externals, according to conduct, according to support.)
Those who have acquired things by chance and are excluded from sacrifice, external things arise from external causes, according to one's conduct and support. (13-48-31)
चतुष्पथश्मशानानि शैलांश्चान्यान्वनस्पतीन्। युञ्जन्ते चाप्यलङ्कारांस्तथोपकरणानि च ॥१३-४८-३२॥
catuṣpathaśmaśānāni śailāṃścānyānvanaspatīn। yuñjante cāpyalaṅkārāṃstathopakaraṇāni ca ॥13-48-32॥
[चतुष्पथ (catuṣpatha) - crossroads; श्मशानानि (śmaśānāni) - cremation grounds; शैलान् (śailān) - mountains; च (ca) - and; अन्यान् (anyān) - other; वनस्पतीन् (vanaspatīn) - trees; युञ्जन्ते (yuñjante) - they employ; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; अलङ्कारान् (alaṅkārān) - ornaments; तथा (tathā) - likewise; उपकरणानि (upakaraṇāni) - instruments; च (ca) - and;]
(crossroads; cremation grounds; mountains; and; other; trees; they employ; and; also; ornaments; likewise; instruments; and;)
They employ crossroads, cremation grounds, mountains, and other trees, as well as ornaments and likewise instruments. (13-48-32)
गोब्राह्मणार्थे साहाय्यं कुर्वाणा वै न संशयः। आनृशंस्यमनुक्रोशः सत्यवाक्यमथ क्षमा ॥१३-४८-३३॥
gobrāhmaṇārthe sāhāyyaṃ kurvāṇā vai na saṃśayaḥ। ānṛśaṃsyamanukrośaḥ satyavākyamatha kṣamā ॥13-48-33॥
[गो (go) - cow; ब्राह्मण (brāhmaṇa) - brāhmaṇa; अर्थे (arthe) - for the sake of; साहाय्यं (sāhāyyaṃ) - assistance; कुर्वाणा (kurvāṇā) - doing; वै (vai) - indeed; न (na) - not; संशयः (saṃśayaḥ) - doubt; आनृशंस्यम् (ānṛśaṃsyam) - compassion; अनुक्रोशः (anukrośaḥ) - sympathy; सत्यवाक्यम् (satyavākyam) - truthful speech; अथ (atha) - and then; क्षमा (kṣamā) - forgiveness;]
(For the sake of cow and brāhmaṇa, assistance doing indeed not doubt; compassion, sympathy, truthful speech and then forgiveness.)
There is no doubt that assisting for the sake of cows and brāhmaṇas, as well as compassion, sympathy, truthfulness, and forgiveness, are virtues. (13-48-33)
स्वशरीरैः परित्राणं बाह्यानां सिद्धिकारकम्। मनुजव्याघ्र भवति तत्र मे नास्ति संशयः ॥१३-४८-३४॥
svaśarīraiḥ paritrāṇaṃ bāhyānāṃ siddhikārakam। manujavyāghra bhavati tatra me nāsti saṃśayaḥ ॥13-48-34॥
[स्वशरीरैः (svaśarīraiḥ) - by one's own bodies; परित्राणं (paritrāṇam) - protection; बाह्यानां (bāhyānāṃ) - of others; सिद्धिकारकम् (siddhikārakam) - cause of accomplishment; मनुजव्याघ्र (manujavyāghra) - O tiger among men; भवति (bhavati) - it is; तत्र (tatra) - there; मे (me) - to me; नास्ति (nāsti) - there is not; संशयः (saṃśayaḥ) - doubt;]
(By one's own bodies, protection of others is the cause of accomplishment. O tiger among men, there, to me, there is not doubt. (13-48-34))
Protecting others with one's own body is the cause of success. O tiger among men, I have no doubt about this. (13-48-34)
यथोपदेशं परिकीर्तितासु; नरः प्रजायेत विचार्य बुद्धिमान्। विहीनयोनिर्हि सुतोऽवसादये; त्तितीर्षमाणं सलिले यथोपलम् ॥१३-४८-३५॥
yathopadeśaṃ parikīrtitāsu; naraḥ prajāyeta vicārya buddhimān। vihīnayoniḥ hi suto'vasādaye; titīrṣamāṇaṃ salile yathopalam ॥13-48-35॥
[यथा (yathā) - as; in the manner; उपदेशं (upadeśam) - instruction; teaching; परिकीर्तितासु (parikīrtitāsu) - having been described; having been mentioned; नरः (naraḥ) - man; person; प्रजायेत (prajāyeta) - should beget; should produce offspring; विचार्य (vicārya) - having considered; after considering; बुद्धिमान् (buddhimān) - wise; intelligent; विहीनयोनिः (vihīnayoniḥ) - of inferior womb; of low birth; हि (hi) - indeed; surely; सुतः (sutaḥ) - son; child; अवसादये (avasādaye) - would cause to sink; would bring down; त्तितीर्षमाणं (titīrṣamāṇam) - desiring to cross; wishing to cross; सलिले (salile) - in water; यथा (yathā) - as; like; उपलम् (upalam) - stone; rock;]
(As instruction having been described, a man should beget (a son) after considering, (being) wise. For a son of inferior birth indeed would cause to sink one desiring to cross in water, as a stone (would).)
Just as instructions have been laid out, a wise man should consider carefully before begetting a son. For a son of inferior birth will surely bring down one who wishes to cross the water, just as a stone would. (13-48-35)
अविद्वांसमलं लोके विद्वांसमपि वा पुनः। नयन्ते ह्युत्पथं नार्यः कामक्रोधवशानुगम् ॥१३-४८-३६॥
avidvāṁsam alaṁ loke vidvāṁsam api vā punaḥ। nayante hy utpathaṁ nāryaḥ kāmakrodhavaśānugam ॥13-48-36॥
[अविद्वांसम् (avidvāṁsam) - one who is ignorant; अलम् (alam) - easily; लोके (loke) - in the world; विद्वांसम् (vidvāṁsam) - one who is learned; अपि (api) - even; वा (vā) - or; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; नयन्ते (nayante) - lead; हि (hi) - indeed; उत्पथम् (utpatham) - to a wrong path; नार्यः (nāryaḥ) - women; कामक्रोधवशानुगम् (kāmakrodhavaśānugam) - one who is under the control of desire and anger;]
(Women indeed lead one who is ignorant easily, or even one who is learned, again, in the world, to a wrong path, one who is under the control of desire and anger.)
In this world, women indeed easily lead both the ignorant and even the learned, if they are under the sway of desire and anger, again onto the wrong path. (13-48-36)
स्वभावश्चैव नारीणां नराणामिह दूषणम्। इत्यर्थं न प्रसज्जन्ते प्रमदासु विपश्चितः ॥१३-४८-३७॥
svabhāvaścaiva nārīṇāṃ narāṇāmiha dūṣaṇam। ityarthaṃ na prasajjante pramadāsu vipaścitaḥ ॥13-48-37॥
[स्वभावः (svabhāvaḥ) - own-nature; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; नारीणां (nārīṇām) - of women; नराणाम् (narāṇām) - of men; इह (iha) - here; दूषणम् (dūṣaṇam) - fault; इति (iti) - thus; अर्थम् (artham) - meaning; न (na) - not; प्रसज्जन्ते (prasajjante) - attach themselves; प्रमदासु (pramadāsu) - to women; विपश्चितः (vipaścitaḥ) - the wise;]
(Own-nature and indeed of women, of men, here, fault; thus, meaning; not attach themselves to women the wise.)
The wise do not attach themselves to women, thinking that the natural disposition of women and men here is a fault. (13-48-37)
युधिष्ठिर उवाच॥
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca॥
[युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira; (proper name); उवाच (uvāca) - said; spoke;]
(Yudhiṣṭhira said;)
Yudhiṣṭhira said.
वर्णापेतमविज्ञातं नरं कलुषयोनिजम्। आर्यरूपमिवानार्यं कथं विद्यामहे नृप ॥१३-४८-३८॥
varṇāpetam avijñātaṃ naraṃ kaluṣayonijam। āryarūpam ivānāryaṃ kathaṃ vidyāmahe nṛpa ॥13-48-38॥
[वर्ण-अपेतम् (varṇa-apetam) - devoid of caste; अविज्ञातम् (avijñātam) - unknown; नरम् (naram) - man; कलुष-योनिजम् (kaluṣa-yonijam) - born of impure womb; आर्य-रूपम् (ārya-rūpam) - having the appearance of an Arya; इव (iva) - like; अनार्यम् (anāryam) - not an Arya; कथम् (katham) - how; विद्यामहे (vidyāmahe) - can we know; नृप (nṛpa) - O king;]
(Devoid of caste, unknown, a man born of impure womb, having the appearance of an Arya, but not an Arya—how can we know, O king?)
O king, how can we recognize a man who is devoid of caste, of unknown origin, born from an impure womb, who appears like an Arya but is not truly an Arya? (13-48-38)
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma; उवाच (uvāca) - said;]
(Bhishma said;)
Bhishma said.
योनिसङ्कलुषे जातं नानाचारसमाहितम्। कर्मभिः सज्जनाचीर्णैर्विज्ञेया योनिशुद्धता ॥१३-४८-३९॥
yonisaṅkaluṣe jātaṃ nānācārasamāhitam। karmabhiḥ sajjanācīrṇairvijñeyā yoniśuddhatā ॥13-48-39॥
[योनिसङ्कलुषे (yonisaṅkaluṣe) - in impure womb; (yoni = womb; saṅkaluṣa = impure;) जातं (jātaṃ) - born; (from jan dhātu;) नानाचारसमाहितम् (nānācārasamāhitam) - engaged in various conduct; (nānā = various; ācāra = conduct; samāhita = engaged;) कर्मभिः (karmabhiḥ) - by actions; (karma = action; instrumental plural;) सज्जनाचीर्णैः (sajjanācīrṇaiḥ) - performed by good people; (sajjana = good person; ācīrṇa = performed; instrumental plural;) विज्ञेया (vijñeyā) - should be known; (vi-jñā = to know; feminine singular;) योनिशुद्धता (yoniśuddhatā) - purity of womb; (yoni = womb; śuddhatā = purity; feminine singular; );]
(In impure womb born, engaged in various conduct, by actions performed by good people, should be known purity of womb.)
Even if one is born in an impure womb and engaged in various kinds of conduct, the purity of the womb should be known by actions performed by good people. (13-48-39)
अनार्यत्वमनाचारः क्रूरत्वं निष्क्रियात्मता। पुरुषं व्यञ्जयन्तीह लोके कलुषयोनिजम् ॥१३-४८-४०॥
anāryatvam anācāraḥ krūratvaṃ niṣkriyātmatā। puruṣaṃ vyañjayantīha loke kaluṣayonijam ॥13-48-40॥
[अनार्यत्वम् (anāryatvam) - absence of noble nature; अनाचारः (anācāraḥ) - improper conduct; क्रूरत्वं (krūratvam) - cruelty; निष्क्रियात्मता (niṣkriyātmatā) - state of inactivity; पुरुषम् (puruṣam) - man; व्यञ्जयन्ति (vyañjayanti) - manifest; इह (iha) - here; लोके (loke) - in the world; कलुषयोनिजम् (kaluṣayonijam) - born of impure womb;]
(Absence of noble nature, improper conduct, cruelty, state of inactivity, manifest a man here in the world as born of impure womb.)
Absence of nobility, improper behavior, cruelty, and inactivity reveal a man in this world as one born from an impure lineage. (13-48-40)
पित्र्यं वा भजते शीलं मातृजं वा तथोभयम्। न कथञ्चन सङ्कीर्णः प्रकृतिं स्वां नियच्छति ॥१३-४८-४१॥
pitryaṃ vā bhajate śīlaṃ mātṛjaṃ vā tathobhayam। na kathañcana saṅkīrṇaḥ prakṛtiṃ svāṃ niyacchati ॥13-48-41॥
[पित्र्यं (pitryam) - paternal; वा (vā) - or; भजते (bhajate) - adopts; शीलं (śīlam) - nature; मातृजं (mātṛjam) - maternal; वा (vā) - or; तथोभयम् (tathobhayam) - or both; न (na) - not; कथञ्चन (kathañcana) - in any way; सङ्कीर्णः (saṅkīrṇaḥ) - the mixed one; प्रकृतिं (prakṛtim) - nature; स्वां (svām) - his own; नियच्छति (niyacchati) - restrains;]
(Paternal or adopts nature, maternal or thus both; not in any way the mixed one nature his own restrains.)
One adopts either the paternal nature, or the maternal, or both; but the one of mixed origin never restrains his own nature. (13-48-41)
यथैव सदृशो रूपे मातापित्रोर्हि जायते। व्याघ्रश्चित्रैस्तथा योनिं पुरुषः स्वां नियच्छति ॥१३-४८-४२॥
yathaiva sadṛśo rūpe mātāpitror hi jāyate। vyāghraś citraīs tathā yoniṃ puruṣaḥ svāṃ niyacchati ॥13-48-42॥
[यथा (yathā) - just as; एव (eva) - indeed; सदृशः (sadṛśaḥ) - similar; रूपे (rūpe) - in form; मातापित्रोः (mātāpitror) - of mother and father; हि (hi) - indeed; जायते (jāyate) - is born; व्याघ्रः (vyāghraḥ) - tiger; चित्रैः (citraiḥ) - with markings; तथा (tathā) - in the same way; योनिम् (yonim) - womb; पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - man; स्वाम् (svām) - his own; नियच्छति (niyacchati) - restrains;]
(Just as indeed similar in form to mother and father is born, the tiger with markings, in the same way, the man restrains his own womb.)
Just as a child is born resembling the form of its mother and father, and a tiger is marked with its characteristic stripes, so too does a man control his own lineage. (13-48-42)
कुलस्रोतसि सञ्छन्ने यस्य स्याद्योनिसङ्करः। संश्रयत्येव तच्छीलं नरोऽल्पमपि वा बहु ॥१३-४८-४३॥
kulasrotasi sañchanne yasya syādyonisaṅkaraḥ। saṃśrayatyeva tacchīlaṃ naro'lpamapi vā bahu ॥13-48-43॥
[कुलस्रोतसि (kulasrotasi) - in the lineage-stream; सञ्छन्ने (sañchanne) - being obscured; यस्य (yasya) - of whom; स्यात् (syāt) - there is; योनिसङ्करः (yonisaṅkaraḥ) - mixture of origin; संश्रयति (saṃśrayati) - resorts to; एव (eva) - indeed; तत् (tat) - that; शीलं (śīlaṃ) - conduct; नरः (naraḥ) - man; अल्पम् (alpam) - little; अपि (api) - even; वा (vā) - or; बहु (bahu) - much;]
(In the lineage-stream being obscured, of whom there is mixture of origin, resorts indeed to that conduct man, little even or much.)
When the lineage-stream is obscured and there is a mixture of origin, a man indeed adopts that conduct, whether it be little or much. (13-48-43)
आर्यरूपसमाचारं चरन्तं कृतके पथि। स्ववर्णमन्यवर्णं वा स्वशीलं शास्ति निश्चये ॥१३-४८-४४॥
āryarūpasamācāraṃ carantaṃ kṛtake pathi। svavarṇamanyavarṇaṃ vā svaśīlaṃ śāsti niścaye ॥13-48-44॥
[आर्यरूप (āryarūpa) - noble-form; समाचारं (samācāraṃ) - conduct; चरन्तं (carantaṃ) - practicing; कृतके (kṛtake) - artificial; पथि (pathi) - on the path; स्ववर्णम् (svavarṇam) - own class; अन्यवर्णं (anyavarṇaṃ) - other class; वा (vā) - or; स्वशीलं (svaśīlaṃ) - own nature; शास्ति (śāsti) - instructs; निश्चये (niścaye) - in certainty;]
(Noble-form conduct practicing on the artificial path, own class, other class or own nature instructs in certainty.)
One who practices noble conduct on an artificial path certainly instructs either his own class, another class, or his own nature. (13-48-44)
नानावृत्तेषु भूतेषु नानाकर्मरतेषु च। जन्मवृत्तसमं लोके सुश्लिष्टं न विरज्यते ॥१३-४८-४५॥
nānāvṛtteṣu bhūteṣu nānākarmarateṣu ca। janmavṛttasamaṃ loke suśliṣṭaṃ na virajyate॥13-48-45॥
[नाना-वृत्तेषु (nānā-vṛtteṣu) - in various existences; भूतेषु (bhūteṣu) - among beings; नाना-कर्म-रतेषु (nānā-karma-rateṣu) - engaged in various actions; च (ca) - and; जन्म-वृत्त-समं (janma-vṛtta-samam) - equal to the course of birth; लोके (loke) - in the world; सुश्लिष्टं (suśliṣṭam) - well united; न (na) - not; विरज्यते (virajyate) - is separated;]
(In various existences among beings, engaged in various actions and, in the world, that which is equal to the course of birth, well united, is not separated.)
Among beings of various existences, engaged in diverse actions, in this world, that which is well united and equal to the course of birth is never separated. (13-48-45)
शरीरमिह सत्त्वेन नरस्य परिकृष्यते। ज्येष्ठमध्यावरं सत्त्वं तुल्यसत्त्वं प्रमोदते ॥१३-४८-४६॥
śarīram iha sattvena narasya parikṛṣyate। jyeṣṭhamadhyāvaraṃ sattvaṃ tulyasattvaṃ pramodate ॥13-48-46॥
[शरीरम् (śarīram) - body; इह (iha) - here; सत्त्वेन (sattvena) - by strength; नरस्य (narasya) - of a man; परिकृष्यते (parikṛṣyate) - is drawn; ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha) - superior; मध्य (madhya) - middle; अवरम् (avaram) - inferior; सत्त्वम् (sattvam) - strength; तुल्यसत्त्वम् (tulyasattvam) - equal strength; प्रमोदते (pramodate) - rejoices;]
(The body here is drawn by the strength of a man; superior, middle, and inferior strength, equal strength rejoices.)
Here, a man's body is drawn by strength; when the strengths are equal—superior, middle, or inferior—the one with equal strength rejoices. (13-48-46)
ज्यायांसमपि शीलेन विहीनं नैव पूजयेत्। अपि शूद्रं तु सद्वृत्तं धर्मज्ञमभिपूजयेत् ॥१३-४८-४७॥
jyāyāṁsam api śīlena vihīnaṁ naiva pūjayet। api śūdraṁ tu sadvṛttaṁ dharmajñam abhipūjayet ॥13-48-47॥
[ज्यायांसम् (jyāyāṁsam) - elder; superior in age or rank; अपि (api) - even; also; शीलेन (śīlena) - by character; by virtue; विहीनं (vihīnaṁ) - devoid of; lacking; न (na) - not; एव (eva) - indeed; certainly; पूजयेत् (pūjayet) - should honor; should worship; अपि (api) - even; also; शूद्रं (śūdraṁ) - a Śūdra; person of the Śūdra class; तु (tu) - but; however; सद्वृत्तं (sadvṛttaṁ) - of good conduct; well-behaved; धर्मज्ञम् (dharmajñam) - knower of dharma; one who knows righteousness; अभिपूजयेत् (abhipūjayet) - should especially honor; should highly worship;]
(One should not indeed honor even an elder who is devoid of character; but one should especially honor even a Śūdra who is of good conduct and knows dharma.)
One should not honor even a senior person if he lacks character; but one should highly honor even a Śūdra who is of good conduct and knows righteousness. (13-48-47)
आत्मानमाख्याति हि कर्मभिर्नरः; स्वशीलचारित्रकृतैः शुभाशुभैः। प्रनष्टमप्यात्मकुलं तथा नरः; पुनः प्रकाशं कुरुते स्वकर्मभिः ॥१३-४८-४८॥
ātmānam ākhyāti hi karmabhir naraḥ; svaśīla-cāritra-kṛtaiḥ śubha-aśubhaiḥ. pranaṣṭam api ātmakulaṃ tathā naraḥ; punaḥ prakāśaṃ kurute svakarmabhiḥ ॥13-48-48॥
[आत्मानम् (ātmānam) - self; (accusative); आख्याति (ākhyāti) - declares; हि (hi) - indeed; कर्मभिः (karmabhiḥ) - by actions; नरः (naraḥ) - man; स्वशीलचारित्रकृतैः (svaśīla-cāritra-kṛtaiḥ) - by one's own conduct and character deeds; शुभाशुभैः (śubha-aśubhaiḥ) - by auspicious and inauspicious; प्रनष्टम् (pranaṣṭam) - destroyed; अपि (api) - even; आत्मकुलम् (ātmakulam) - own family; तथा (tathā) - thus; नरः (naraḥ) - man; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; प्रकाशम् (prakāśam) - light; manifestation; कुरुते (kurute) - makes; does; स्वकर्मभिः (svakarmabhiḥ) - by one's own actions;]
(Man indeed declares the self by actions; by one's own conduct and character deeds, by auspicious and inauspicious (acts). Even a destroyed own family thus a man again makes manifest by his own actions.)
A man indeed reveals himself through his actions; by his own conduct and character, whether auspicious or inauspicious. Even if his own family is destroyed, a man can bring it to light again by his own actions. (13-48-48)
योनिष्वेतासु सर्वासु सङ्कीर्णास्वितरासु च। यत्रात्मानं न जनयेद्बुधस्ताः परिवर्जयेत् ॥१३-४८-४९॥
yoniṣvetāsu sarvāsu saṅkīrṇāsvitarāsu ca। yatrātmānaṃ na janayed budhas tāḥ parivarjayet ॥13-48-49॥
[योनिषु (yoniṣu) - in wombs; in origins; एतासु (etāsu) - these; in these; सर्वासु (sarvāsu) - all; in all; सङ्कीर्णासु (saṅkīrṇāsu) - mixed; impure; in mixed; इतरासु (itarāsu) - other; in other; च (ca) - and; यत्र (yatra) - where; आत्मानम् (ātmānam) - self; oneself; न (na) - not; जनयेत् (janayet) - should beget; should produce; बुधः (budhaḥ) - wise man; ताः (tāḥ) - those (fem.); them; परिवर्जयेत् (parivarjayet) - should avoid; should shun;]
(In these wombs, in all, in mixed, in other, and where oneself should not beget, the wise man should avoid those.)
A wise man should avoid all these wombs—whether they are all, mixed, or other—where he should not beget himself. (13-48-49)
