12.060
Library: Common and specific duties of each class of people.
वैशम्पायन उवाच॥
vaiśampāyana uvāca॥
[वैशम्पायन (vaiśampāyana) - Vaiśampāyana; (proper noun, name of a sage); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac', to speak);]
(Vaiśampāyana said;)
Vaiśampāyana said.
ततः पुनः स गाङ्गेयमभिवाद्य पितामहम्। प्राञ्जलिर्नियतो भूत्वा पर्यपृच्छद्युधिष्ठिरः ॥१२-६०-१॥
tataḥ punaḥ sa gāṅgeyama-bhivādya pitāmaham। prāñjalir-niyato bhūtvā paryapṛcchad-yudhiṣṭhiraḥ ॥12-60-1॥
[ततः (tataḥ) - then; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; स (sa) - he; गाङ्गेयम् (gāṅgeyam) - Gāṅgeya (son of Gaṅgā); अभिवाद्य (abhivādya) - having saluted; पितामहम् (pitāmaham) - the grandsire; प्राञ्जलिः (prāñjaliḥ) - with joined palms; नियतः (niyataḥ) - self-controlled; भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having become; पर्यपृच्छत् (paryapṛcchat) - asked respectfully; युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira;]
(Then again, he, having saluted Gāṅgeya, the grandsire, with joined palms, having become self-controlled, Yudhiṣṭhira asked respectfully.)
Then, once more, Yudhiṣṭhira, with joined palms and self-control, respectfully asked Gāṅgeya, the grandsire, after offering his salutations.
के धर्माः सर्ववर्णानां चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य के पृथक्। चतुर्णामाश्रमाणां च राजधर्माश्च के मताः ॥१२-६०-२॥
ke dharmāḥ sarvavarṇānāṃ cāturvarṇyasya ke pṛthak| caturṇāmāśramāṇāṃ ca rājadharmāśca ke matāḥ ॥12-60-2॥
[के (ke) - which; धर्माः (dharmāḥ) - dharmas; सर्ववर्णानां (sarvavarṇānāṃ) - of all varṇas; चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य (cāturvarṇyasya) - of the fourfold varṇa system; के (ke) - which; पृथक् (pṛthak) - separately; चतुर्णाम् (caturṇām) - of the four; आश्रमाणाम् (āśramāṇām) - of āśramas; च (ca) - and; राजधर्माः (rājadharmāḥ) - kingly duties; च (ca) - and; के (ke) - which; मताः (matāḥ) - are considered;]
(Which dharmas of all varṇas, of the fourfold varṇa system, which separately? Of the four āśramas and what kingly duties are considered?)
What are the dharmas of all the varṇas, and which are specific to the fourfold varṇa system? What are the respective duties of the four āśramas, and what are considered the kingly duties?
केन स्विद्वर्धते राष्ट्रं राजा केन विवर्धते। केन पौराश्च भृत्याश्च वर्धन्ते भरतर्षभ ॥१२-६०-३॥
kena svid vardhate rāṣṭraṃ rājā kena vivardhate। kena paurāś ca bhṛtyāś ca vardhante bharatarṣabha ॥12-60-3॥
[केन (kena) - by what; by whom; स्वित् (svid) - indeed; truly; वर्धते (vardhate) - grows; prospers; राष्ट्रम् (rāṣṭram) - kingdom; realm; राजा (rājā) - king; केन (kena) - by what; by whom; विवर्धते (vivardhate) - thrives; increases; केन (kena) - by what; by whom; पौराः (paurāḥ) - citizens; च (ca) - and; भृत्याः (bhṛtyāḥ) - servants; dependents; च (ca) - and; वर्धन्ते (vardhante) - grow; prosper; भरतर्षभ (bharatarṣabha) - bull among the Bharatas; best of the Bharatas;]
(By what indeed does the kingdom grow, by what does the king thrive? By what do the citizens and servants prosper, O bull among the Bharatas?)
O best of the Bharatas, by what does the kingdom prosper, by what does the king flourish? By what do the citizens and servants thrive?
कोशं दण्डं च दुर्गं च सहायान्मन्त्रिणस्तथा। ऋत्विक्पुरोहिताचार्यान्कीदृशान्वर्जयेन्नृपः ॥१२-६०-४॥
kośaṃ daṇḍaṃ ca durgaṃ ca sahāyān mantriṇas tathā। ṛtvik-purohita-ācāryān kīdṛśān varjayen nṛpaḥ ॥12-60-4॥
[कोशम् (kośam) - treasury; दण्डम् (daṇḍam) - punishment; च (ca) - and; दुर्गम् (durgam) - fortress; च (ca) - and; सहायान् (sahāyān) - allies; मन्त्रिणः (mantriṇaḥ) - ministers; तथा (tathā) - also; ऋत्विक् (ṛtvik) - priest; पुरोहित (purohita) - chief priest; आचार्यान् (ācāryān) - teachers; कीदृशान् (kīdṛśān) - of what kind; वर्जयेत् (varjayet) - should avoid; नृपः (nṛpaḥ) - king;]
(Treasury, punishment, and fortress, and allies, ministers also, priest, chief priest, teachers—of what kind should the king avoid?)
What kinds of treasuries, punishments, fortresses, allies, ministers, priests, chief priests, and teachers should a king avoid?
केषु विश्वसितव्यं स्याद्राज्ञां कस्याञ्चिदापदि। कुतो वात्मा दृढो रक्ष्यस्तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥१२-६०-५॥
keṣu viśvasitavyaṃ syādrājñāṃ kasyāñcidāpadi। kuto vātmā dṛḍho rakṣyastanme brūhi pitāmaha ॥12-60-5॥
[केषु (keṣu) - in whom; विश्वसितव्यं (viśvasitavyam) - to be trusted; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; राज्ञाम् (rājñām) - of kings; कस्याञ्चित् (kasyāñcit) - in any; आपदि (āpadi) - in calamity; कुतः (kutaḥ) - from where; वा (vā) - or; आत्मा (ātmā) - self; दृढः (dṛḍhaḥ) - firm; रक्ष्यः (rakṣyaḥ) - to be protected; तत् (tat) - that; मे (me) - to me; ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell; पितामह (pitāmaha) - O grandsire;]
(In whom should trust be placed, of kings, in any calamity? From where, or, is the self firm to be protected? That, to me, tell, O grandsire.)
O grandsire, tell me: In whom should a king place trust in any calamity? Or, from where is the self firmly to be protected?
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhīṣma; उवाच (uvāca) - said;]
(Bhīṣma said;)
Bhīṣma said.
नमो धर्माय महते नमः कृष्णाय वेधसे। ब्राह्मणेभ्यो नमस्कृत्वा धर्मान्वक्ष्यामि शाश्वतान् ॥१२-६०-६॥
namo dharmāya mahate namaḥ kṛṣṇāya vedhase। brāhmaṇebhyo namaskṛtvā dharmānvakṣyāmi śāśvatān ॥12-60-6॥
[नमः (namaḥ) - obeisance; धर्माय (dharmāya) - to Dharma; महते (mahate) - the great; नमः (namaḥ) - obeisance; कृष्णाय (kṛṣṇāya) - to Kṛṣṇa; वेधसे (vedhase) - the creator; ब्राह्मणेभ्यः (brāhmaṇebhyaḥ) - to the Brāhmaṇas; नमस्कृत्वा (namaskṛtvā) - having bowed; धर्मान् (dharmān) - the dharmas; वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - I shall speak; शाश्वतान् (śāśvatān) - eternal;]
(Obeisance to Dharma, the great; obeisance to Kṛṣṇa, the creator. Having bowed to the Brāhmaṇas, I shall speak of the eternal dharmas.)
I offer my respects to the great Dharma and to Kṛṣṇa, the creator. After bowing to the Brāhmaṇas, I will now explain the eternal principles of dharma.
अक्रोधः सत्यवचनं संविभागः क्षमा तथा। प्रजनः स्वेषु दारेषु शौचमद्रोह एव च ॥१२-६०-७॥
akrodhaḥ satyavacanaṃ saṃvibhāgaḥ kṣamā tathā। prajanaḥ sveṣu dāreṣu śaucamadroha eva ca ॥12-60-7॥
[अक्रोधः (akrodhaḥ) - absence of anger; सत्यवचनं (satyavacanam) - truthful speech; संविभागः (saṃvibhāgaḥ) - sharing (of wealth); क्षमा (kṣamā) - forgiveness; तथा (tathā) - also; प्रजनः (prajanaḥ) - procreation; स्वेषु (sveṣu) - with one's own; दारेषु (dāreṣu) - with wives; शौचम् (śaucam) - purity; अद्रोहः (adrohaḥ) - absence of malice; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and;]
(Absence of anger; truthful speech; sharing (of wealth); forgiveness also; procreation with one's own wives; purity; absence of malice indeed and.)
Absence of anger, speaking the truth, sharing with others, forgiveness, procreation with one's own wives, purity, and indeed, absence of malice—these are virtues.
आर्जवं भृत्यभरणं नवैते सार्ववर्णिकाः। ब्राह्मणस्य तु यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि केवलम् ॥१२-६०-८॥
ārjavaṃ bhṛtyabharaṇaṃ navaite sārvavarṇikāḥ। brāhmaṇasya tu yo dharmastaṃ te vakṣyāmi kevalam ॥12-60-8॥
[आर्जवं (ārjavam) - straightforwardness; भृत्यभरणं (bhṛtyabharaṇam) - maintenance of dependents; न (na) - not; वै (vai) - indeed; एते (ete) - these; सार्ववर्णिकाः (sārvavarṇikāḥ) - common to all castes; ब्राह्मणस्य (brāhmaṇasya) - of a Brāhmaṇa; तु (tu) - but; यः (yaḥ) - which; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; तम् (tam) - that; ते (te) - to you; वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - I shall declare; केवलम् (kevalam) - exclusively;]
(Straightforwardness, maintenance of dependents—these are not indeed common to all castes. But the duty which is of a Brāhmaṇa, that I shall declare to you exclusively.)
Straightforwardness and maintenance of dependents are not duties common to all castes. But I shall now declare to you exclusively the duty that pertains to a Brāhmaṇa.
दममेव महाराज धर्ममाहुः पुरातनम्। स्वाध्यायोऽध्यापनं चैव तत्र कर्म समाप्यते ॥१२-६०-९॥
damam-eva mahārāja dharmam āhuḥ purātanam। svādhyāyo'dhyāpanaṃ caiva tatra karma samāpyate ॥12-60-9॥
[दमम् (damam) - self-restraint; एव (eva) - indeed; महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king; धर्मम् (dharmam) - dharma; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; पुरातनम् (purātanam) - ancient; स्वाध्यायः (svādhyāyaḥ) - self-study; अध्यापनम् (adhyāpanam) - teaching; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; तत्र (tatra) - there; कर्म (karma) - action; समाप्यते (samāpyate) - is completed;]
(Self-restraint indeed, O great king, they say is the ancient dharma. Self-study and teaching indeed, there, action is completed.)
O great king, self-restraint is said to be the ancient dharma. There, self-study and teaching are the actions that are accomplished.
तं चेद्वित्तमुपागच्छेद्वर्तमानं स्वकर्मणि। अकुर्वाणं विकर्माणि शान्तं प्रज्ञानतर्पितम् ॥१२-६०-१०॥
taṃ ced vittam upāgacched vartamānaṃ svakarmaṇi। akurvāṇaṃ vikarmāṇi śāntaṃ prajñāntarpitam ॥12-60-10॥
[तं (taṃ) - him; चेत् (cet) - if; वित्तम् (vittam) - wealth; उपागच्छेत् (upāgacchet) - should attain; वर्तमानम् (vartamānam) - engaged; स्वकर्मणि (svakarmaṇi) - in his own duty; अकुर्वाणम् (akurvāṇam) - not doing; विकर्माणि (vikarmāṇi) - wrong actions; शान्तम् (śāntam) - peaceful; प्रज्ञानतर्पितम् (prajñāntarpitam) - satisfied by wisdom;]
(If one should attain wealth, engaged in his own duty, not doing wrong actions, peaceful, satisfied by wisdom, him.)
If a person acquires wealth while engaged in his own duty, not performing wrongful acts, remaining peaceful and satisfied by wisdom, such a person is referred to here.
कुर्वीतापत्यसन्तानमथो दद्याद्यजेत च। संविभज्य हि भोक्तव्यं धनं सद्भिरितीष्यते ॥१२-६०-११॥
kurvītāpatyasantānamatho dadyādyajeta ca। saṃvibhajya hi bhoktavyaṃ dhanaṃ sadbhiriti iṣyate॥12-60-11॥
[कुर्वीत (kurvīta) - should perform; अपत्य-सन्तानम् (apatya-santānam) - procreation of offspring; अथ (atha) - then; उ (u) - indeed; दद्यात् (dadyāt) - should give; यजेत (yajeta) - should sacrifice; च (ca) - and; संविभज्य (saṃvibhajya) - having distributed; हि (hi) - indeed; भोक्तव्यम् (bhoktavyam) - should be enjoyed; धनम् (dhanam) - wealth; सद्भिः (sadbhiḥ) - by the virtuous; इति (iti) - thus; ईष्यते (īṣyate) - is considered;]
(One should perform the procreation of offspring, then indeed should give and should sacrifice; having distributed, indeed, wealth should be enjoyed by the virtuous—thus it is considered.)
It is said that one should beget children, give in charity, and perform sacrifices; wealth should be enjoyed after distributing it among the virtuous.
परिनिष्ठितकार्यस्तु स्वाध्यायेनैव ब्राह्मणः। कुर्यादन्यन्न वा कुर्यान्मैत्रो ब्राह्मण उच्यते ॥१२-६०-१२॥
pariniṣṭhitakāryastu svādhyāyenaiva brāhmaṇaḥ। kuryādanyanna vā kuryānmaitro brāhmaṇa ucyate ॥12-60-12॥
[परिनिष्ठित (pariniṣṭhita) - fully accomplished; कार्यः (kāryaḥ) - duty; तु (tu) - but; स्वाध्यायेन (svādhyāyena) - by self-study; एव (eva) - indeed; ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - a Brāhmaṇa; कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should do; अन्यत् (anyat) - other (things); न (na) - not; वा (vā) - or; कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should do; मैत्रः (maitraḥ) - friendly; ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - Brāhmaṇa; उच्यते (ucyate) - is called;]
(But a Brāhmaṇa whose duty is fully accomplished should indeed do so by self-study; he should not do other (things), or if he does, he is called a friendly Brāhmaṇa.)
A Brāhmaṇa whose duties are fully accomplished should perform them only through self-study; if he does other things, he is called a friendly Brāhmaṇa.
क्षत्रियस्यापि यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि भारत। दद्याद्राजा न याचेत यजेत न तु याजयेत् ॥१२-६०-१३॥
kṣatriyasyāpi yo dharmastaṃ te vakṣyāmi bhārata। dadyādrājā na yāceta yajeta na tu yājayet ॥12-60-13॥
[क्षत्रियस्यापि (kṣatriyasyāpi) - of the kṣatriya also; यः (yaḥ) - which; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; तं (taṃ) - that; ते (te) - to you; वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - I shall declare; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata; दद्यात् (dadyāt) - should give; राजा (rājā) - the king; न (na) - not; याचेत् (yācet) - should beg; यजेत् (yajet) - should perform sacrifice; न (na) - not; तु (tu) - but; याजयेत् (yājayet) - should cause to perform sacrifice;]
(Of the kṣatriya also, which duty, that to you I shall declare, O Bhārata. The king should give, not beg; should perform sacrifice, but not cause to perform sacrifice.)
O Bhārata, I shall declare to you the duty of the kṣatriya as well. The king should give, not beg; he should perform sacrifices, but not cause others to perform sacrifices.
नाध्यापयेदधीयीत प्रजाश्च परिपालयेत्। नित्योद्युक्तो दस्युवधे रणे कुर्यात्पराक्रमम् ॥१२-६०-१४॥
nādhyāpyedadhīyīta prajāś ca paripālayet। nityodyukto dasyuvadhe raṇe kuryāt parākramam ॥12-60-14॥
[न (na) - not; अध्यापयेत् (adhyāpayet) - should teach; अधीयीत (adhīyīta) - should study; प्रजाः (prajāḥ) - subjects; च (ca) - and; परिपालयेत् (paripālayet) - should protect; नित्य (nitya) - always; उद्युक्तः (udyuktaḥ) - engaged; दस्यु (dasyu) - robber; वधे (vadhe) - in killing; रणे (raṇe) - in battle; कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should do; पराक्रमम् (parākramam) - valour;]
(He should not teach or study, and should protect the subjects; always engaged in the killing of robbers, in battle he should display valour.)
He should neither teach nor study, but should protect his subjects; he must always be ready to destroy robbers and show valour in battle.
ये च क्रतुभिरीजानाः श्रुतवन्तश्च भूमिपाः। य एवाहवजेतारस्त एषां लोकजित्तमाः ॥१२-६०-१५॥
ye ca kratubhir-ijānāḥ śrutavantaś ca bhūmipāḥ। ya evāhavajetāras te eṣāṃ lokajittamāḥ ॥12-60-15॥
[ये (ye) - who; (plural, masculine); च (ca) - and; क्रतुभिः (kratubhiḥ) - by sacrifices; इजानाः (ijānāḥ) - performers (of worship); श्रुतवन्तः (śrutavantaḥ) - those who have heard (the Veda); च (ca) - and; भूमिपाः (bhūmipāḥ) - kings; य (ya) - who; एव (eva) - indeed; अहव (ahava) - battle; जेतारः (jetāraḥ) - conquerors; ते (te) - they; एषाम् (eṣām) - of these; लोकजित्तमाः (lokajittamāḥ) - the greatest among world-conquerors;]
(And those who, by sacrifices, are performers (of worship), and those kings who have heard (the Veda), and those who are indeed conquerors in battle, they are the greatest among these world-conquerors.)
Those who perform sacrifices, those kings who have heard the Veda, and those who are conquerors in battle—these are the greatest among world-conquerors.
अविक्षतेन देहेन समराद्यो निवर्तते। क्षत्रियो नास्य तत्कर्म प्रशंसन्ति पुराविदः ॥१२-६०-१६॥
avikṣatena dehena samarād yo nivartate। kṣatriyo nāsya tat karma praśaṁsanti purāvidaḥ ॥12-60-16॥
[अविक्षतेन (avikṣatena) - with uninjured; देहेन (dehena) - body; समरात् (samarāt) - from battle; यः (yaḥ) - who; निवर्तते (nivartate) - returns; क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - a warrior; न (na) - not; अस्य (asya) - his; तत् (tat) - that; कर्म (karma) - act; प्रशंसन्ति (praśaṁsanti) - praise; पुराविदः (purāvidaḥ) - knowers of old;]
(Who returns from battle with an uninjured body, that act of his the knowers of old do not praise as a warrior.)
Those who return from battle with an uninjured body, the ancient knowers do not praise that act as worthy of a warrior.
वधं हि क्षत्रबन्धूनां धर्ममाहुः प्रधानतः। नास्य कृत्यतमं किञ्चिदन्यद्दस्युनिबर्हणात् ॥१२-६०-१७॥
vadhaṃ hi kṣatrabandhūnāṃ dharmam āhuḥ pradhānataḥ। nāsya kṛtyatamaṃ kiñcid anyad dasyunibarhaṇāt ॥12-60-17॥
[वधम् (vadham) - slaying; हि (hi) - indeed; क्षत्रबन्धूनाम् (kṣatrabandhūnām) - of the kṣatriya kin; धर्मम् (dharmam) - duty; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; प्रधानतः (pradhānataḥ) - primarily; न (na) - not; अस्य (asya) - his; कृत्यतमम् (kṛtyatamam) - more important duty; किञ्चित् (kiñcit) - anything; अन्यत् (anyat) - other; दस्यु-निबर्हणात् (dasynuibarhaṇāt) - than the destruction of robbers;]
(Slaying indeed of the kṣatriya kin is said to be the duty primarily; there is no more important duty of his than the destruction of robbers.)
It is said that, for kṣatriyas, slaying their kin is primarily their duty; there is no duty more important for him than the destruction of robbers.
दानमध्ययनं यज्ञो योगः क्षेमो विधीयते। तस्माद्राज्ञा विशेषेण योद्धव्यं धर्ममीप्सता ॥१२-६०-१८॥
dānamadhyayanaṃ yajño yogaḥ kṣemo vidhīyate। tasmādrājñā viśeṣeṇa yoddhavyaṃ dharmamīpsatā ॥12-60-18॥
[दान (dāna) - gift; offering; अध्ययनम् (adhyayanaṃ) - study; recitation; यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - sacrifice; ritual; योगः (yogaḥ) - union; discipline; क्षेमः (kṣemaḥ) - welfare; security; विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is established; is prescribed; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; राज्ञा (rājñā) - by the king; विशेषेण (viśeṣeṇa) - especially; योद्धव्यम् (yoddhavyaṃ) - must be fought; धर्मम् (dharmam) - righteousness; duty; ईप्सता (īpsatā) - by one desiring; wishing for; १२-६०-१८ (12-60-18) - 12-60-18;]
(Gift, study, sacrifice, union, welfare are established. Therefore, by the king, especially, one desiring righteousness must fight.)
Gift, study, sacrifice, discipline, and welfare are prescribed. Therefore, a king who desires righteousness must especially engage in battle.
स्वेषु धर्मेष्ववस्थाप्य प्रजाः सर्वा महीपतिः। धर्मेण सर्वकृत्यानि समनिष्ठानि कारयेत् ॥१२-६०-१९॥
sveṣu dharmeṣv avasthāpya prajāḥ sarvā mahīpatiḥ। dharmeṇa sarvakṛtyāni samaniṣṭhāni kārayet॥12-60-19॥
[स्वेषु (sveṣu) - in one's own; धर्मेषु (dharmeṣu) - in duties; अवस्थाप्य (avasthāpya) - having established; प्रजाः (prajāḥ) - subjects; सर्वा (sarvā) - all; महीपतिः (mahīpatiḥ) - the king; धर्मेण (dharmeṇa) - by righteousness; सर्वकृत्यानि (sarvakṛtyāni) - all actions; समनिष्ठानि (samaniṣṭhāni) - properly established; कारयेत् (kārayet) - should cause to be done;]
(Having established all the subjects in their own duties, the king should cause all actions to be properly established by righteousness.)
The king, having settled all his subjects in their respective duties, should ensure that all actions are properly performed in accordance with righteousness.
परिनिष्ठितकार्यः स्यान्नृपतिः परिपालनात्। कुर्यादन्यन्न वा कुर्यादैन्द्रो राजन्य उच्यते ॥१२-६०-२०॥
pariniṣṭhitakāryaḥ syān nṛpatiḥ paripālanāt। kuryād anyan na vā kuryād aindro rājanya ucyate ॥12-60-20॥
[परिनिष्ठित (pariniṣṭhita) - completely established; कार्यः (kāryaḥ) - whose duty; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; नृपतिः (nṛpatiḥ) - king; परिपालनात् (paripālanāt) - from protection; कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should do; अन्यत् (anyat) - other; न (na) - not; वा (vā) - or; कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should do; ऐन्द्रः (aindraḥ) - of Indra; राजन्यः (rājanyaḥ) - royal person; उच्यते (ucyate) - is called;]
(The king should be one whose duty is completely established from protection; he should do nothing else or, if he does, the royal person is called 'of Indra'.)
A king should be one whose duty is firmly established in protection; if he does anything else, he is called a royal person of Indra.
वैश्यस्यापीह यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि भारत। दानमध्ययनं यज्ञः शौचेन धनसञ्चयः ॥१२-६०-२१॥
vaiśyasyāpīha yo dharmastaṃ te vakṣyāmi bhārata। dānamadhyayanaṃ yajñaḥ śaucena dhanasañcayaḥ ॥12-60-21॥
[वैश्यस्य (vaiśyasya) - of the Vaiśya; अपि (api) - also; इह (iha) - here; यः (yaḥ) - which; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; तं (taṃ) - that; ते (te) - to you; वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - I shall declare; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata; दानम् (dānam) - charity; अध्ययनम् (adhyayanam) - study; यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - sacrifice; शौचेन (śaucena) - by purity; धनसञ्चयः (dhanasañcayaḥ) - accumulation of wealth;]
(Of the Vaiśya also here, which duty, that to you I shall declare, O Bhārata. Charity, study, sacrifice, by purity, accumulation of wealth.)
O Bhārata, I shall now declare to you the duties of the Vaiśya here: charity, study, sacrifice, purity, and the accumulation of wealth.
पितृवत्पालयेद्वैश्यो युक्तः सर्वपशूनिह। विकर्म तद्भवेदन्यत्कर्म यद्यत्समाचरेत् ॥ रक्षया स हि तेषां वै महत्सुखमवाप्नुयात् ॥१२-६०-२२॥
pitṛvat pālayed vaiśyo yuktaḥ sarvapaśūniha। vikarma tadbhaved anyat karma yadyat samācaret ॥ rakṣayā sa hi teṣāṃ vai mahatsukham avāpnuyāt ॥12-60-22॥
[पितृवत् (pitṛvat) - like a father; पालयेत् (pālayet) - should protect; वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - the Vaiśya; युक्तः (yuktaḥ) - engaged; सर्वपशून् (sarvapaśūn) - all animals; इह (iha) - here; विकर्म (vikarma) - improper action; तत् (tat) - that; भवेत् (bhavet) - would be; अन्यत् (anyat) - other; कर्म (karma) - action; यत् (yat) - whatever; यत् (yat) - whatever; समाचरेत् (samācaret) - should perform; रक्षया (rakṣayā) - by protection; सः (saḥ) - he; हि (hi) - indeed; तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them; वै (vai) - indeed; महत् (mahat) - great; सुखम् (sukham) - happiness; अवाप्नुयात् (avāpnuyāt) - would obtain;]
(The Vaiśya, engaged, should protect all animals here like a father; any other action he might perform would be improper action. By protection, he indeed would obtain great happiness for them.)
The Vaiśya, acting like a father, should protect all animals here; any other action he might perform would be improper. By protecting them, he indeed brings them great happiness.
प्रजापतिर्हि वैश्याय सृष्ट्वा परिददे पशून्। ब्राह्मणाय च राज्ञे च सर्वाः परिददे प्रजाः ॥१२-६०-२३॥
prajāpatiḥ hi vaiśyāya sṛṣṭvā paridade paśūn। brāhmaṇāya ca rājñe ca sarvāḥ paridade prajāḥ ॥12-60-23॥
[प्रजापतिः (prajāpatiḥ) - progenitor; हि (hi) - indeed; वैश्याय (vaiśyāya) - to the Vaiśya; सृष्ट्वा (sṛṣṭvā) - having created; परिददे (paridade) - gave; पशून् (paśūn) - animals; ब्राह्मणाय (brāhmaṇāya) - to the Brāhmaṇa; च (ca) - and; राज्ञे (rājñe) - to the king; च (ca) - and; सर्वाः (sarvāḥ) - all; परिददे (paridade) - gave; प्रजाः (prajāḥ) - subjects;]
(The progenitor indeed, having created, gave animals to the Vaiśya; to the Brāhmaṇa and to the king, he gave all the subjects.)
The progenitor, having created, gave animals to the Vaiśya; to the Brāhmaṇa and the king, he gave all the people.
तस्य वृत्तिं प्रवक्ष्यामि यच्च तस्योपजीवनम्। षण्णामेकां पिबेद्धेनुं शताच्च मिथुनं हरेत् ॥१२-६०-२४॥
tasya vṛttiṃ pravakṣyāmi yac ca tasyopajīvanam। ṣaṇṇām ekāṃ pibed dhenuṃ śatāc ca mithunaṃ haret ॥12-60-24॥
[तस्य (tasya) - of him; वृत्तिं (vṛttiṃ) - livelihood; प्रवक्ष्यामि (pravakṣyāmi) - I shall explain; यत् (yat) - which; च (ca) - and; तस्य (tasya) - of him; उपजीवनम् (upajīvanam) - subsistence; षण्णाम् (ṣaṇṇām) - of six; एकाम् (ekām) - one; पिबेत् (pibet) - should drink; धेनुम् (dhenum) - cow; शतात् (śatāt) - from a hundred; च (ca) - and; मिथुनम् (mithunam) - a pair; हरेत् (haret) - should take;]
(Of him livelihood I shall explain, and which of him subsistence; of six one should drink cow, and from a hundred a pair should take.)
I shall explain his livelihood and his means of subsistence; from six cows, one may take the milk, and from a hundred, one may take a pair.
लये च सप्तमो भागस्तथा शृङ्गे कला खुरे। सस्यस्य सर्वबीजानामेषा सांवत्सरी भृतिः ॥१२-६०-२५॥
laye ca saptamo bhāgastathā śṛṅge kalā khure| sasyasya sarvabījānāmeṣā sāṃvatsarī bhṛtiḥ ॥12-60-25॥
[लये (laye) - in dissolution; च (ca) - and; सप्तमः (saptamaḥ) - seventh; भागः (bhāgaḥ) - part; तथा (tathā) - likewise; शृङ्गे (śṛṅge) - in the horn; कला (kalā) - digit; खुरे (khure) - in the hoof; सस्यस्य (sasyasya) - of the crop; सर्वबीजानाम् (sarvabījānām) - of all seeds; एषा (eṣā) - this; सांवत्सरी (sāṃvatsarī) - annual; भृतिः (bhṛtiḥ) - nourishment;]
(In dissolution and the seventh part, likewise in the horn, the digit in the hoof; of the crop, of all seeds, this is the annual nourishment.)
During dissolution, the seventh part, likewise in the horn, the digit in the hoof; this is the annual nourishment of the crop and of all seeds.
न च वैश्यस्य कामः स्यान्न रक्षेयं पशूनिति। वैश्ये चेच्छति नान्येन रक्षितव्याः कथञ्चन ॥१२-६०-२६॥
na ca vaiśyasya kāmaḥ syānna rakṣeyaṃ paśūniti। vaiśye cecchati nānyena rakṣitavyāḥ kathaṃcana ॥12-60-26॥
[न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; वैश्यस्य (vaiśyasya) - of the Vaiśya; कामः (kāmaḥ) - desire; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; न (na) - not; रक्षेयं (rakṣeyam) - I should protect; पशून् (paśūn) - cattle; इति (iti) - thus; वैश्ये (vaiśye) - in the Vaiśya; चेत् (cet) - if; इच्छति (icchati) - desires; न (na) - not; अन्येन (anyena) - by another; रक्षितव्याः (rakṣitavyāḥ) - should be protected; कथञ्चन (kathaṃcana) - in any way;]
(And there should not be the desire of the Vaiśya, 'I should not protect the cattle.' If the Vaiśya desires, they should not be protected by another in any way.)
A Vaiśya should not wish, 'I will not protect the cattle.' If the Vaiśya desires, the cattle should never be protected by anyone else.
शूद्रस्यापि हि यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि भारत। प्रजापतिर्हि वर्णानां दासं शूद्रमकल्पयत् ॥१२-६०-२७॥
śūdrasyāpi hi yo dharmastaṃ te vakṣyāmi bhārata। prajāpati rhi varṇānāṃ dāsaṃ śūdram akalpayat ॥12-60-27॥
[शूद्रस्य (śūdrasya) - of the Śūdra; अपि (api) - also; हि (hi) - indeed; यः (yaḥ) - which; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; तम् (tam) - that; ते (te) - to you; वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - I shall declare; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata; प्रजापतिः (prajāpatiḥ) - Prajāpati; हि (hi) - indeed; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of the classes; दासम् (dāsam) - servant; शूद्रम् (śūdram) - the Śūdra; अकल्पयत् (akalpayat) - appointed;]
(Of the Śūdra also indeed which duty that to you I shall declare, O Bhārata. Prajāpati indeed of the classes servant the Śūdra appointed.)
O Bhārata, I shall declare to you the duty which is indeed of the Śūdra. Prajāpati indeed appointed the Śūdra as the servant of the classes.
तस्माच्छूद्रस्य वर्णानां परिचर्या विधीयते। तेषां शुश्रूषणाच्चैव महत्सुखमवाप्नुयात् ॥१२-६०-२८॥
tasmāc chūdrasya varṇānāṃ paricaryā vidhīyate। teṣāṃ śuśrūṣaṇāc caiva mahatsukham avāpnuyāt ॥12-60-28॥
[तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; शूद्रस्य (śūdrasya) - of the Śūdra; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of the castes; परिचर्या (paricaryā) - service; विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is prescribed; तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them; शुश्रूषणात् (śuśrūṣaṇāt) - from serving; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; महत् (mahat) - great; सुखम् (sukham) - happiness; अवाप्नुयात् (avāpnuyāt) - one may attain;]
(Therefore, for the Śūdra, service to the castes is prescribed. From serving them indeed, one may attain great happiness.)
Therefore, service to the castes is prescribed for the Śūdra. By serving them, he may indeed attain great happiness.
शूद्र एतान्परिचरेत्त्रीन्वर्णाननसूयकः। सञ्चयांश्च न कुर्वीत जातु शूद्रः कथञ्चन ॥१२-६०-२९॥
śūdra etān paricaret trīn varṇān anasūyakaḥ। sañcayāṁś ca na kurvīta jātu śūdraḥ kathañcana ॥12-60-29॥
[शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - the Śūdra; एतान् (etān) - these; परिचरेत् (paricaret) - should serve; त्रीन् (trīn) - three; वर्णान् (varṇān) - castes; अनसूयकः (anasūyakaḥ) - without envy; सञ्चयांश् (sañcayāṁś) - accumulations; च (ca) - and; न (na) - not; कुर्वीत (kurvīta) - should do; जातु (jātu) - ever; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - the Śūdra; कथञ्चन (kathañcana) - in any way;]
(The Śūdra, without envy, should serve these three castes; and the Śūdra should never in any way make accumulations.)
A Śūdra, without envy, should serve the three castes; and a Śūdra should never accumulate wealth in any way.
पापीयान्हि धनं लब्ध्वा वशे कुर्याद्गरीयसः। राज्ञा वा समनुज्ञातः कामं कुर्वीत धार्मिकः ॥१२-६०-३०॥
pāpīyān hi dhanaṃ labdhvā vaśe kuryād garīyasaḥ। rājñā vā samanujñātaḥ kāmaṃ kurvīta dhārmikaḥ॥12-60-30॥
[पापीयान् (pāpīyān) - more sinful; हि (hi) - indeed; धनं (dhanaṃ) - wealth; लब्ध्वा (labdhvā) - having obtained; वशे (vaśe) - under control; कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should do; गरीयसः (garīyasaḥ) - of the superior; राज्ञा (rājñā) - by the king; वा (vā) - or; समनुज्ञातः (samanujñātaḥ) - having been permitted; कामं (kāmaṃ) - as desired; कुर्वीत (kurvīta) - may do; धार्मिकः (dhārmikaḥ) - the righteous;]
(Indeed, having obtained wealth, the more sinful should place it under the control of the superior; or, having been permitted by the king, the righteous may act as desired.)
If a more sinful person acquires wealth, he should place it under the authority of a superior; or, if permitted by the king, a righteous person may act as he wishes.
तस्य वृत्तिं प्रवक्ष्यामि यच्च तस्योपजीवनम्। अवश्यभरणीयो हि वर्णानां शूद्र उच्यते ॥१२-६०-३१॥
tasya vṛttiṃ pravakṣyāmi yac ca tasyopajīvanam। avaśyabharaṇīyo hi varṇānāṃ śūdra ucyate ॥12-60-31॥
[तस्य (tasya) - of him; वृत्तिं (vṛttiṃ) - livelihood; प्रवक्ष्यामि (pravakṣyāmi) - I shall declare; यत् (yat) - which; च (ca) - and; तस्य (tasya) - of him; उपजीवनम् (upajīvanam) - subsistence; अवश्यभरणीयः (avaśyabharaṇīyaḥ) - to be necessarily maintained; हि (hi) - indeed; वर्णानाम् (varṇānām) - of the classes; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - the Śūdra; उच्यते (ucyate) - is said;]
(Of him livelihood I shall declare and which of him subsistence. To be necessarily maintained indeed of the classes the Śūdra is said.)
I shall now declare the livelihood and means of subsistence of the Śūdra, who is said to be necessarily maintained by the other classes.
छत्रं वेष्टनमौशीरमुपानद्व्यजनानि च। यातयामानि देयानि शूद्राय परिचारिणे ॥१२-६०-३२॥
chatraṃ veṣṭanam auśīram upāna-dvyajanāni ca। yātayāmāni deyāni śūdrāya paricāriṇe॥12-60-32॥
[छत्रम् (chatram) - umbrella; वेष्टनम् (veṣṭanam) - covering; औशीरम् (auśīram) - mat made of reeds; उपानत् (upānat) - footwear; द्व्यजनानि (dvyajanāni) - two fans; च (ca) - and; यातयामानि (yātayāmāni) - used articles; देयानि (deyāni) - should be given; शूद्राय (śūdrāya) - to the Śūdra; परिचारिणे (paricāriṇe) - servant;]
(Umbrella, covering, mat made of reeds, footwear, two fans and used articles should be given to the Śūdra servant.)
Umbrella, coverings, mats of reeds, footwear, two fans, and used items should be given to the Śūdra servant.
अधार्याणि विशीर्णानि वसनानि द्विजातिभिः। शूद्रायैव विधेयानि तस्य धर्मधनं हि तत् ॥१२-६०-३३॥
adhāryāṇi viśīrṇāni vasanāni dvijātibhiḥ। śūdrāyaiva vidheyāni tasya dharmadhanaṃ hi tat ॥12-60-33॥
[अधार्याणि (adhāryāṇi) - not fit to be worn; विशीर्णानि (viśīrṇāni) - torn; वसनानि (vasanāni) - garments; द्विजातिभिः (dvijātibhiḥ) - by the twice-born; शूद्राय (śūdrāya) - to a Śūdra; एव (eva) - only; विधेयानि (vidheyāni) - should be given; तस्य (tasya) - his; धर्मधनम् (dharmadhanaṃ) - religious wealth; हि (hi) - indeed; तत् (tat) - that;]
(Garments not fit to be worn, torn, by the twice-born, should be given only to a Śūdra; that indeed is his religious wealth.)
Garments that are unfit to be worn and torn by the twice-born should be given only to a Śūdra; for that is considered his religious wealth.
यश्च कश्चिद्द्विजातीनां शूद्रः शुश्रूषुराव्रजेत्। कल्प्यां तस्य तु तेनाहुर्वृत्तिं धर्मविदो जनाः ॥ देयः पिण्डोऽनपेताय भर्तव्यौ वृद्धदुर्बलौ ॥१२-६०-३४॥
yaś ca kaścid dvijātīnām śūdraḥ śuśrūṣur āvrajet। kalpyāṃ tasya tu tenāhur vṛttiṃ dharmavido janāḥ॥ deyaḥ piṇḍo'napetāya bhartavyau vṛddha-durbalau॥12-60-34॥
[यः (yaḥ) - who; च (ca) - and; कश्चित् (kaścit) - any; द्विजातीनाम् (dvijātīnām) - of the twice-born; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a Śūdra; शुश्रूषुः (śuśrūṣuḥ) - desirous of service; आव्रजेत् (āvrajet) - should approach; कल्प्यां (kalpyām) - prescribed; तस्य (tasya) - for him; तु (tu) - but; तेन (tena) - by him; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood; धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - knowers of dharma; जनाः (janāḥ) - people; देयः (deyaḥ) - should be given; पिण्डः (piṇḍaḥ) - food-ball; अनपेताय (anapetāya) - to one not departed; भर्तव्यौ (bhartavyau) - should be maintained; वृद्धदुर्बलौ (vṛddha-durbalau) - the old and weak;]
(Whoever among the twice-born, any Śūdra desirous of service should approach; for him, the prescribed livelihood is said by those who know dharma. Food-ball should be given to one not departed; the old and weak should be maintained.)
If any Śūdra, desirous of serving, approaches the twice-born, then those who know dharma say that a prescribed livelihood should be arranged for him. Food should be given to one who has not left, and the old and weak should be supported.
शूद्रेण च न हातव्यो भर्ता कस्याञ्चिदापदि। अतिरेकेण भर्तव्यो भर्ता द्रव्यपरिक्षये ॥ न हि स्वमस्ति शूद्रस्य भर्तृहार्यधनो ह्यसौ ॥१२-६०-३५॥
śūdreṇa ca na hātavyo bhartā kasyāñcidāpadi। atirekeṇa bhartavyo bhartā dravyaparikṣaye ॥ na hi svamasti śūdrasya bhartṛhāryadhano hyasau ॥12-60-35॥
[शूद्रेण (śūdreṇa) - by a śūdra; च (ca) - and; न (na) - not; हातव्यः (hātavyaḥ) - should be abandoned; भर्ता (bhartā) - husband; कस्याञ्चित् (kasyāñcit) - in any; आपदि (āpadi) - calamity; अतिरेकेण (atirekeṇa) - in excess; भर्तव्यः (bhartavyaḥ) - should be supported; भर्ता (bhartā) - husband; द्रव्य (dravya) - wealth; परिक्षये (parikṣaye) - in loss; न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; स्वम् (svam) - own; अस्ति (asti) - exists; शूद्रस्य (śūdrasya) - of a śūdra; भर्तृ (bhartṛ) - of the husband; हार्य (hārya) - to be taken away; धनः (dhanaḥ) - wealth; हि (hi) - indeed; असौ (asau) - he;]
(By a śūdra and not should be abandoned the husband in any calamity. In excess, should be supported the husband in loss of wealth. Not indeed own exists of the śūdra; the wealth to be taken away by the husband indeed is he.)
A śūdra should not abandon her husband in any calamity. Even in excess, she should support her husband when wealth is lost. Indeed, a śūdra has nothing of her own; her wealth is to be taken away by her husband, for he is her lord.
उक्तस्त्रयाणां वर्णानां यज्ञस्त्रय्यैव भारत। स्वाहाकारनमस्कारौ मन्त्रः शूद्रे विधीयते ॥१२-६०-३६॥
uktastrayāṇāṃ varṇānāṃ yajñastrayyaiva bhārata। svāhākāranamaskārau mantraḥ śūdre vidhīyate ॥12-60-36॥
[उक्त (ukta) - declared; स्त्रयाणां (strayāṇām) - of the three; वर्णानां (varṇānām) - of the classes; यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - sacrifice; त्रय्या (trayyyā) - with the three Vedas; एव (eva) - only; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata; स्वाहाकार (svāhākāra) - uttering 'svāhā'; नमस्कारौ (namaskārau) - and obeisance; मन्त्रः (mantraḥ) - mantra; शूद्रे (śūdre) - for the Śūdra; विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is prescribed;]
(Declared for the three classes is sacrifice with the three Vedas only, O Bhārata. The utterance 'svāhā' and obeisance are the mantra prescribed for the Śūdra.)
O Bhārata, sacrifice with the three Vedas is declared for the three classes only. For the Śūdra, the utterance 'svāhā' and acts of obeisance are prescribed as their mantra.
ताभ्यां शूद्रः पाकयज्ञैर्यजेत व्रतवान्स्वयम्। पूर्णपात्रमयीमाहुः पाकयज्ञस्य दक्षिणाम् ॥१२-६०-३७॥
tābhyāṃ śūdraḥ pākayajñair yajeta vratavān svayam। pūrṇapātramayīm āhuḥ pākayajñasya dakṣiṇām ॥12-60-37॥
[ताभ्यां (tābhyām) - by those two; (i.e., by those two means/ways;) शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a Śūdra; (member of the fourth varṇa;) पाकयज्ञैः (pākayajñaiḥ) - with pākayajñas; (domestic/food-offering sacrifices;) यजेत (yajeta) - should perform sacrifice; (should worship;) व्रतवान् (vratavān) - observing vows; (one who has taken vows;) स्वयम् (svayam) - himself; (personally;) पूर्णपात्रमयीम् (pūrṇapātramayīm) - consisting of a full vessel; (made up of a full vessel;) आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; (it is said;) पाकयज्ञस्य (pākayajñasya) - of the pākayajña; (of the food-offering sacrifice;) दक्षिणाम् (dakṣiṇām) - the gift; (offering; donation;) १२-६०-३७ (12-60-37) - 12-60-37;]
(By those two, a Śūdra, with pākayajñas, should perform sacrifice, observing vows, himself. Consisting of a full vessel, they say, is the gift of the pākayajña.)
A Śūdra should himself, with observance of vows, perform pākayajñas by those two means. The gift for the pākayajña, they say, should consist of a full vessel.
शूद्रः पैजवनो नाम सहस्राणां शतं ददौ। ऐन्द्राग्नेन विधानेन दक्षिणामिति नः श्रुतम् ॥१२-६०-३८॥
śūdraḥ paijavano nāma sahasrāṇāṃ śataṃ dadau। aindrāgnena vidhānena dakṣiṇāmiti naḥ śrutam ॥12-60-38॥
[शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - Śūdra; (a member of the fourth varṇa); पैजवनः (paijavanaḥ) - son of Pajvana; नाम (nāma) - named; सहस्राणाम् (sahasrāṇām) - of thousands; शतम् (śatam) - hundred; ददौ (dadau) - gave; ऐन्द्राग्नेन (aindrāgnena) - with the Indra-Agni (rite); विधानेन (vidhānena) - by the procedure; दक्षिणाम् (dakṣiṇām) - gift; इति (iti) - thus; नः (naḥ) - to us; श्रुतम् (śrutam) - has been heard;]
(Śūdra, son of Pajvana, named, of thousands, a hundred, gave; with the Indra-Agni (rite), by the procedure, gift, thus, to us, has been heard.)
It has been heard by us that the Śūdra named Pajvana's son gave a hundred out of thousands as a gift, by the procedure of the Indra-Agni rite.
अतो हि सर्ववर्णानां श्रद्धायज्ञो विधीयते। दैवतं हि महच्छ्रद्धा पवित्रं यजतां च यत् ॥१२-६०-३९॥
ato hi sarvavarṇānāṃ śraddhāyajño vidhīyate। daivataṃ hi mahacchraddhā pavitraṃ yajatāṃ ca yat ॥12-60-39॥
[अतः (ataḥ) - therefore; हि (hi) - indeed; सर्ववर्णानाम् (sarvavarṇānām) - of all classes; श्रद्धा-यज्ञः (śraddhā-yajñaḥ) - sacrifice of faith; विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is prescribed; दैवतम् (daivatam) - divine; हि (hi) - indeed; महत्-श्रद्धा (mahat-śraddhā) - great faith; पवित्रम् (pavitram) - pure; यजताम् (yajatām) - of those who sacrifice; च (ca) - and; यत् (yat) - which;]
(Therefore indeed, for all classes, the sacrifice of faith is prescribed. Divine indeed is great faith, pure, and that which belongs to those who sacrifice.)
Therefore, the sacrifice of faith is prescribed for all classes. Great faith is truly divine and pure, and it belongs to those who perform sacrifices.
दैवतं परमं विप्राः स्वेन स्वेन परस्परम्। अयजन्निह सत्रैस्ते तैस्तैः कामैः सनातनैः ॥१२-६०-४०॥
daivataṃ paramaṃ viprāḥ svena svena parasparam। ayajann iha satrair te tais taiḥ kāmaiḥ sanātanaiḥ ॥12-60-40॥
[दैवतं (daivataṃ) - divinity; god; deity; परमं (paramaṃ) - supreme; highest; विप्राः (viprāḥ) - Brāhmaṇas; sages; स्वेन (svena) - by one's own; with one's own; स्वेन (svena) - by one's own; with one's own; परस्परम् (parasparam) - mutually; reciprocally; अयजन् (ayajan) - sacrificed; worshipped; इह (iha) - here; in this place; सत्रैः (satraiḥ) - with sacrifices; by sacrificial sessions; ते (te) - they; तैः (taiḥ) - with those; तैः (taiḥ) - with those; कामैः (kāmaiḥ) - with desires; with wishes; सनातनैः (sanātanaiḥ) - eternal; perpetual;]
(The Brāhmaṇas mutually worshipped the supreme divinity here, each with their own sacrifices, with those eternal desires.)
Here, the Brāhmaṇas mutually worshipped the supreme divinity, each performing sacrifices with their own eternal desires.
संसृष्टा ब्राह्मणैरेव त्रिषु वर्णेषु सृष्टयः। देवानामपि ये देवा यद्ब्रूयुस्ते परं हि तत् ॥ तस्माद्वर्णैः सर्वयज्ञाः संसृज्यन्ते न काम्यया ॥१२-६०-४१॥
saṁsṛṣṭā brāhmaṇaireva triṣu varṇeṣu sṛṣṭayaḥ। devānāmapi ye devā yadbrūyuste paraṁ hi tat॥ tasmādvarṇaiḥ sarvayajñāḥ saṁsṛjyante na kāmyayā॥12-60-41॥
[संसृष्टा (saṁsṛṣṭā) - joined together; ब्राह्मणैः (brāhmaṇaiḥ) - by Brāhmaṇas; एव (eva) - indeed; त्रिषु (triṣu) - in three; वर्णेषु (varṇeṣu) - in castes; सृष्टयः (sṛṣṭayaḥ) - creations; देवानाम् (devānām) - of the gods; अपि (api) - also; ये (ye) - who; देवाः (devāḥ) - gods; यत् (yat) - what; ब्रूयुः (brūyuḥ) - they might say; ते (te) - they; परम् (param) - supreme; हि (hi) - indeed; तत् (tat) - that; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; वर्णैः (varṇaiḥ) - by castes; सर्वयज्ञाः (sarvayajñāḥ) - all sacrifices; संसृज्यन्ते (saṁsṛjyante) - are joined; न (na) - not; काम्यया (kāmyayā) - by desire;]
(Creations are joined together by Brāhmaṇas indeed in the three castes. Of the gods also, those gods—whatever they might say—that indeed is supreme. Therefore, by the castes, all sacrifices are joined, not by desire.)
Creations are indeed joined together by Brāhmaṇas among the three castes. Even among the gods, whatever those gods declare, that is truly supreme. Therefore, all sacrifices are performed by the castes, not out of desire.
ऋग्यजुःसामवित्पूज्यो नित्यं स्याद्देववद्द्विजः। अनृग्यजुरसामा तु प्राजापत्य उपद्रवः ॥१२-६०-४२॥
ṛg-yajuḥ-sāma-vit-pūjyo nityaṃ syād-devavad-dvijaḥ। an-ṛg-yajur-sāmā tu prājāpatya upadravaḥ ॥12-60-42॥
[ऋग् (ṛg) - Ṛgveda; यजुः (yajuḥ) - Yajurveda; साम (sāma) - Sāmaveda; वित् (vit) - knower; पूज्यः (pūjyaḥ) - worthy of worship; नित्यं (nityaṃ) - always; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; देववत् (devavat) - like a god; द्विजः (dvijaḥ) - twice-born; अन् (an) - not; ऋग् (ṛg) - Ṛgveda; यजुः (yajuḥ) - Yajurveda; सामा (sāmā) - Sāmaveda; तु (tu) - but; प्राजापत्य (prājāpatya) - of Prajāpati; उपद्रवः (upadravaḥ) - affliction;]
(The twice-born who knows the Ṛgveda, Yajurveda, and Sāmaveda should always be worshipped like a god. But one who does not know the Ṛgveda, Yajurveda, and Sāmaveda is an affliction of Prajāpati.)
A twice-born who is learned in the Ṛgveda, Yajurveda, and Sāmaveda should always be honored like a deity. However, one who lacks knowledge of these Vedas is considered a burden to Prajāpati.
यज्ञो मनीषया तात सर्ववर्णेषु भारत। नास्य यज्ञहनो देवा ईहन्ते नेतरे जनाः ॥ तस्मात्सर्वेषु वर्णेषु श्रद्धायज्ञो विधीयते ॥१२-६०-४३॥
yajño manīṣayā tāta sarvavarṇeṣu bhārata। nāsya yajñahano devā īhante netare janāḥ ॥ tasmātsarveṣu varṇeṣu śraddhāyajño vidhīyate ॥12-60-43॥
[यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - sacrifice; मनीषया (manīṣayā) - by wisdom; तात (tāta) - O dear; सर्ववर्णेषु (sarvavarṇeṣu) - among all castes; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata; न (na) - not; अस्य (asya) - of this; यज्ञहनः (yajñahanaḥ) - destroyer of sacrifice; देवाः (devāḥ) - gods; ईहन्ते (īhante) - desire; न (na) - not; इतरे (itare) - other; जनाः (janāḥ) - people; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; सर्वेषु (sarveṣu) - in all; वर्णेषु (varṇeṣu) - castes; श्रद्धा-यज्ञः (śraddhā-yajñaḥ) - faith-sacrifice; विधीयते (vidhīyate) - is prescribed;]
(Sacrifice by wisdom, O dear, among all castes, O Bhārata. Not of this destroyer of sacrifice do the gods desire, nor do other people. Therefore, in all castes, the faith-sacrifice is prescribed.)
O Bhārata, sacrifice performed with wisdom, O dear, is for all castes. The gods do not desire the destroyer of sacrifice, nor do other people. Therefore, in all castes, the sacrifice performed with faith is prescribed.
स्वं दैवतं ब्राह्मणाः स्वेन नित्यं; परान्वर्णानयजन्नेवमासीत्। आरोचिता नः सुमहान्स धर्मः; सृष्टो ब्रह्मणा त्रिषु वर्णेषु दृष्टः ॥१२-६०-४४॥
svaṃ daivataṃ brāhmaṇāḥ svena nityaṃ; parān varṇān ayajan evam āsīt. ārocitā naḥ sumahān sa dharmaḥ; sṛṣṭo brahmaṇā triṣu varṇeṣu dṛṣṭaḥ ॥12-60-44॥
[स्वं (svaṃ) - own; self; दैवतं (daivataṃ) - deity; divinity; ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brāhmaṇas; priests; स्वेन (svena) - by own; by oneself; नित्यं (nityaṃ) - always; constantly; परान् (parān) - others; other (people); वर्णान् (varṇān) - castes; classes; अयजन् (ayajan) - did not cause to sacrifice; did not make (them) perform yajña; एवम् (evam) - thus; in this way; आसीत् (āsīt) - it was; it happened; आरोचिता (ārocitā) - made known; declared; नः (naḥ) - to us; our; सुमहान् (sumahān) - very great; exceedingly great; सः (saḥ) - that; he; धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; law; righteousness; सृष्टः (sṛṣṭaḥ) - created; established; ब्रह्मणा (brahmaṇā) - by Brahmā; by the Creator; त्रिषु (triṣu) - in three; among three; वर्णेषु (varṇeṣu) - in castes; in classes; दृष्टः (dṛṣṭaḥ) - seen; observed;]
(Brāhmaṇas always worshipped their own deity by themselves; they did not cause other castes to perform sacrifices—thus it was. That very great dharma, made known to us, was created by Brahmā, seen among the three castes.)
Brāhmaṇas always worshipped their own deity themselves and did not make other castes perform sacrifices; such was the practice. This very great dharma, declared to us, was created by Brahmā and observed among the three castes.
तस्माद्वर्णा ऋजवो जातिधर्माः; संसृज्यन्ते तस्य विपाक एषः। एकं साम यजुरेकमृगेका; विप्रश्चैकोऽनिश्चयस्तेषु दृष्टः ॥१२-६०-४५॥
tasmād varṇā ṛjavo jātidharmāḥ; saṃsṛjyante tasya vipāka eṣaḥ. ekaṃ sāma yajur ekam ṛg ekā; vipraś caiko'niścayas teṣu dṛṣṭaḥ ॥12-60-45॥
[तस्मात् (tasmāt) - from that; वर्णाः (varṇāḥ) - classes; ऋजवः (ṛjavaḥ) - straight; जातिधर्माः (jātidharmāḥ) - inherent natures; संसृज्यन्ते (saṃsṛjyante) - are produced; तस्य (tasya) - of that; विपाकः (vipākaḥ) - result; एषः (eṣaḥ) - this; एकम् (ekam) - one; साम (sāma) - Sāma (Veda); यजुः (yajuḥ) - Yajur (Veda); एकम् (ekam) - one; ऋक् (ṛk) - Ṛg (Veda); एका (ekā) - one; विप्रः (vipraḥ) - sage; च (ca) - and; एकः (ekaḥ) - one; अनिश्चयः (aniścayaḥ) - uncertainty; तेषु (teṣu) - among them; दृष्टः (dṛṣṭaḥ) - is seen;]
(From that, classes, straight, inherent natures; are produced; of that, this is the result. One Sāma, one Yajur, one Ṛg; and one sage, uncertainty among them is seen.)
Thus, from that arise the classes and their inherent natures; this is the result. There is one Sāma, one Yajur, one Ṛg; and one sage, but uncertainty is seen among them.
अत्र गाथा यज्ञगीताः कीर्तयन्ति पुराविदः। वैखानसानां राजेन्द्र मुनीनां यष्टुमिच्छताम् ॥१२-६०-४६॥
atra gāthā yajñagītāḥ kīrtayanti purāvidaḥ। vaikhānasānāṃ rājendra munīnāṃ yaṣṭumicchatām ॥12-60-46॥
[अत्र (atra) - here; गाथा (gāthā) - verses; यज्ञगीताः (yajñagītāḥ) - sacrificial songs; कीर्तयन्ति (kīrtayanti) - recite; पुराविदः (purāvidaḥ) - knowers of ancient times; वैखानसानाम् (vaikhānasānām) - of the Vaikhānasa (hermits); राजेन्द्र (rājendra) - O king; मुनीनाम् (munīnām) - of sages; यष्टुम् (yaṣṭum) - to perform sacrifice; इच्छताम् (icchatām) - desiring;]
(Here, verses and sacrificial songs are recited by knowers of ancient times, O king, of the Vaikhānasa hermits and sages desiring to perform sacrifice.)
O king, here the knowers of ancient times recite verses and sacrificial songs of the Vaikhānasa hermits and sages who desire to perform sacrifice.
उदितेऽनुदिते वापि श्रद्दधानो जितेन्द्रियः। वह्निं जुहोति धर्मेण श्रद्धा वै कारणं महत् ॥१२-६०-४७॥
udite'nudite vāpi śraddadhāno jitendriyaḥ। vahniṃ juhoti dharmeṇa śraddhā vai kāraṇaṃ mahat ॥12-60-47॥
[उदिते (udite) - when risen; अनुदिते (anudite) - when not risen; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - even; श्रद्दधानः (śraddadhānaḥ) - having faith; जितेन्द्रियः (jitendriyaḥ) - one who has conquered the senses; वह्निम् (vahnim) - fire; जुहोति (juhoti) - offers (oblations); धर्मेण (dharmeṇa) - with righteousness; श्रद्धा (śraddhā) - faith; वै (vai) - indeed; कारणम् (kāraṇam) - the cause; महत् (mahat) - great;]
(When (the fire) is risen or not risen, even so, one having faith, who has conquered the senses, offers fire with righteousness; faith indeed is the great cause.)
Whether the fire is kindled or not, a person with faith and self-control offers oblations righteously; indeed, faith is the great cause.
यत्स्कन्नमस्य तत्पूर्वं यदस्कन्नं तदुत्तरम्। बहूनि यज्ञरूपाणि नानाकर्मफलानि च ॥१२-६०-४८॥
yatskannamasya tatpūrvaṃ yadaskannaṃ taduttaram। bahūni yajñarūpāṇi nānākarmaphalāni ca ॥12-60-48॥
[यत् (yat) - which; स्कन्नम् (skannam) - fallen; अस्य (asya) - of this; तत् (tat) - that; पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - before; यत् (yat) - which; अस्कन्नम् (askannam) - not fallen; तत् (tat) - that; उत्तरम् (uttaram) - after; बहूनि (bahūni) - many; यज्ञरूपाणि (yajñarūpāṇi) - sacrifice-forms; नानाकर्मफलानि (nānākarmaphalāni) - various action-fruits; च (ca) - and;]
(Which is fallen of this, that is before; which is not fallen, that is after. Many are sacrifice-forms and various are the fruits of actions and;)
That which has fallen from this is prior; that which has not fallen is subsequent. There are many forms of sacrifice and various fruits of actions.
तानि यः संविजानाति ज्ञाननिश्चयनिश्चितः। द्विजातिः श्रद्धयोपेतः स यष्टुं पुरुषोऽर्हति ॥१२-६०-४९॥
tāni yaḥ saṃvijānāti jñānaniścayaniścitaḥ। dvijātiḥ śraddhayopetaḥ sa yaṣṭuṃ puruṣo'rhati ॥12-60-49॥
[तानि (tāni) - those (things); यः (yaḥ) - who; संविजानाति (saṃvijānāti) - completely knows; ज्ञाननिश्चयनिश्चितः (jñānaniścayaniścitaḥ) - determined by knowledge and certainty; द्विजातिः (dvijātiḥ) - twice-born; श्रद्धया (śraddhayā) - with faith; उपेतः (upetaḥ) - endowed; सः (saḥ) - he; यष्टुम् (yaṣṭum) - to perform sacrifice; पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - person; अर्हति (arhati) - is worthy;]
(Those who completely know those (things), determined by knowledge and certainty, the twice-born endowed with faith, he is worthy as a person to perform sacrifice.)
He who, having understood those things with certainty through knowledge, and being a twice-born endowed with faith, is worthy to perform sacrifice.
स्तेनो वा यदि वा पापो यदि वा पापकृत्तमः। यष्टुमिच्छति यज्ञं यः साधुमेव वदन्ति तम् ॥१२-६०-५०॥
steno vā yadi vā pāpo yadi vā pāpakṛttamaḥ। yaṣṭumicchati yajñaṃ yaḥ sādhumeva vadanti tam ॥12-60-50॥
[स्तेनः (stenaḥ) - thief; वा (vā) - or; यदि (yadi) - if; वा (vā) - or; पापः (pāpaḥ) - sinner; यदि (yadi) - if; वा (vā) - or; पापकृत् (pāpakṛt) - doer of evil; तमः (tamaḥ) - most; यष्टुम् (yaṣṭum) - to perform sacrifice; इच्छति (icchati) - desires; यज्ञम् (yajñam) - sacrifice; यः (yaḥ) - who; साधुम् (sādhuṃ) - well (rightly); एव (eva) - indeed; वदन्ति (vadanti) - they say; तम् (tam) - him;]
(A thief or, if or, a sinner, if or, the most evil-doer, who desires to perform a sacrifice, him they indeed call righteous.)
Even if he is a thief, or a sinner, or the worst of evil-doers, if he desires to perform a sacrifice, they call him righteous.
ऋषयस्तं प्रशंसन्ति साधु चैतदसंशयम्। सर्वथा सर्ववर्णैर्हि यष्टव्यमिति निश्चयः ॥ न हि यज्ञसमं किञ्चित्त्रिषु लोकेषु विद्यते ॥१२-६०-५१॥
ṛṣayastaṃ praśaṃsanti sādhu caitadasaṃśayam। sarvathā sarvavarṇairhi yaṣṭavyamiti niścayaḥ ॥ na hi yajñasamaṃ kiñcittriṣu lokeṣu vidyate ॥12-60-51॥
[ऋषयः (ṛṣayaḥ) - seers; sages; तं (taṃ) - him; that; प्रशंसन्ति (praśaṃsanti) - praise; commend; साधु (sādhu) - good; proper; च (ca) - and; एतत् (etat) - this; असंशयम् (asaṃśayam) - without doubt; सर्वथा (sarvathā) - in every way; सर्ववर्णैः (sarvavarṇaiḥ) - by all classes; हि (hi) - indeed; यष्टव्यम् (yaṣṭavyam) - should be sacrificed; must be worshipped; इति (iti) - thus; निश्चयः (niścayaḥ) - decision; determination; न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; यज्ञसमम् (yajñasamam) - equal to sacrifice; किञ्चित् (kiñcit) - anything; त्रिषु (triṣu) - in three; लोकेषु (lokeṣu) - in worlds; विद्यते (vidyate) - exists; is found;]
(Seers him praise good and this without doubt. In every way by all classes indeed should be sacrificed thus decision. Not indeed equal to sacrifice anything in three worlds exists.)
The seers praise him as good, and this is without doubt. It is determined that sacrifice should be performed by all classes in every way. Indeed, there is nothing equal to sacrifice in the three worlds.
तस्माद्यष्टव्यमित्याहुः पुरुषेणानसूयता। श्रद्धापवित्रमाश्रित्य यथाशक्ति प्रयच्छता ॥१२-६०-५२॥
tasmād yaṣṭavyam ity āhuḥ puruṣeṇānasūyatā। śraddhā-pavitram āśritya yathā-śakti prayacchatā ॥12-60-52॥
[तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; यष्टव्यम् (yaṣṭavyam) - should be offered (sacrificed); इति (iti) - thus; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; पुरुषेण (puruṣeṇa) - by a person; अनसूयता (anasūyatā) - without envy; श्रद्धा (śraddhā) - with faith; पवित्रम् (pavitram) - purity; आश्रित्य (āśritya) - having resorted to; यथा (yathā) - according to; शक्ति (śakti) - ability; प्रयच्छता (prayacchatā) - by one who gives;]
(Therefore, it should be offered thus, they say, by a person without envy, having resorted to faith and purity, according to ability, by one who gives.)
Therefore, it is said that one should make offerings without envy, with faith and purity, giving as one is able.
