12.088
युधिष्ठिर उवाच॥
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca॥
[युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira; (proper noun, name of a person); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac', to speak);]
(Yudhiṣṭhira said;)
Yudhiṣṭhira said:
राष्ट्रगुप्तिं च मे राजन्राष्ट्रस्यैव च सङ्ग्रहम्। सम्यग्जिज्ञासमानाय प्रब्रूहि भरतर्षभ ॥१२-८८-१॥
rāṣṭraguptiṃ ca me rājan rāṣṭrasyaiva ca saṅgraham। samyag jijñāsamānāya prabrūhi bharatarṣabha ॥12-88-1॥
[राष्ट्रगुप्तिं (rāṣṭraguptiṃ) - protection of the kingdom; च (ca) - and; मे (me) - to me; राजन् (rājan) - O king; राष्ट्रस्य (rāṣṭrasya) - of the kingdom; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; सङ्ग्रहम् (saṅgraham) - summary; सम्यक् (samyak) - properly; जिज्ञासमानाय (jijñāsamānāya) - to one who is inquiring; प्रब्रूहि (prabrūhi) - please explain; भरतर्षभ (bharatarṣabha) - O best of the Bharatas;]
(Protection of the kingdom and to me, O king, and indeed the summary of the kingdom; properly to one who is inquiring, please explain, O best of the Bharatas.)
O king, please explain to me the protection of the kingdom and also the summary of the kingdom, properly, O best of the Bharatas, to one who is inquiring.
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhīṣma; (name of a person); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac' - to speak);]
(Bhīṣma said;)
Bhīṣma said:
राष्ट्रगुप्तिं च ते सम्यग्राष्ट्रस्यैव च सङ्ग्रहम्। हन्त सर्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि तत्त्वमेकमनाः शृणु ॥१२-८८-२॥
rāṣṭraguptiṃ ca te samyagrāṣṭrasyaiva ca saṅgraham। hanta sarvaṃ pravakṣyāmi tattvamekamanāḥ śṛṇu ॥12-88-2॥
[राष्ट्रगुप्तिं (rāṣṭraguptiṃ) - protection of the kingdom; च (ca) - and; ते (te) - to you; सम्यक् (samyak) - completely; राष्ट्रस्य (rāṣṭrasya) - of the kingdom; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; सङ्ग्रहम् (saṅgraham) - summary; हन्त (hanta) - now; सर्वं (sarvaṃ) - all; प्रवक्ष्यामि (pravakṣyāmi) - I shall explain; तत्त्वम् (tattvam) - the truth; एकमनाः (ekamanāḥ) - with one-pointed mind; शृणु (śṛṇu) - listen;]
(Protection of the kingdom and to you, completely of the kingdom indeed and the summary. Now all I shall explain, the truth, with one-pointed mind, listen.)
I shall now explain to you the complete protection and summary of the kingdom; listen with a focused mind to the truth.
ग्रामस्याधिपतिः कार्यो दशग्राम्यस्तथापरः। द्विगुणायाः शतस्यैवं सहस्रस्य च कारयेत् ॥१२-८८-३॥
grāmasyādhipatiḥ kāryo daśagrāmyas tathāparaḥ। dviguṇāyāḥ śatasyaivaṃ sahasrasya ca kārayet ॥12-88-3॥
[ग्रामस्य (grāmasya) - of the village; अधिपतिः (adhipatiḥ) - lord; कार्यः (kāryaḥ) - should be appointed; दशग्राम्यः (daśagrāmyaḥ) - over ten villages; तथा (tathā) - likewise; परः (paraḥ) - another; द्विगुणायाः (dviguṇāyāḥ) - of double (the number); शतस्य (śatasya) - of a hundred; एवं (evaṃ) - thus; सहस्रस्य (sahasrasya) - of a thousand; च (ca) - and; कारयेत् (kārayet) - should be made (to appoint);]
(Of the village, the lord should be appointed; over ten villages, likewise another; of double (the number) of a hundred thus, of a thousand and should be made (to appoint).)
The lord of a village should be appointed; similarly, another (officer) over ten villages; in this way, for double that number, over a hundred and a thousand, officers should be appointed accordingly.
ग्रामे यान्ग्रामदोषांश्च ग्रामिकः परिपालयेत्। तान्ब्रूयाद्दशपायासौ स तु विंशतिपाय वै ॥१२-८८-४॥
grāme yān grāma-doṣāṁś ca grāmikaḥ paripālayet। tān brūyād daśa-pāy āsau sa tu viṁśati-pāya vai ॥12-88-4॥
[ग्रामे (grāme) - in the village; यान् (yān) - which; ग्रामदोषान् (grāma-doṣān) - village faults; च (ca) - and; ग्रामिकः (grāmikaḥ) - the village head; परिपालयेत् (paripālayet) - should protect; तान् (tān) - them; ब्रूयात् (brūyāt) - should report; दशपाय (daśa-pāya) - to the ten-pay (officer over ten villages); असौ (asau) - he; स (sa) - he; तु (tu) - but; विंशतिपाय (viṁśati-pāya) - to the twenty-pay (officer over twenty villages); वै (vai) - indeed;]
(In the village, the village head should protect those village faults, and he should report them to the ten-pay; he, but, to the twenty-pay indeed.)
In the village, the village head should protect and report any faults to the officer over ten villages, who in turn should report them to the officer over twenty villages.
सोऽपि विंशत्यधिपतिर्वृत्तं जानपदे जने। ग्रामाणां शतपालाय सर्वमेव निवेदयेत् ॥१२-८८-५॥
so'pi viṃśatyadhipatir vṛttaṃ jānapade jane. grāmāṇāṃ śatapālāya sarvam eva nivedayet ॥12-88-5॥
[सः (saḥ) - he; अपि (api) - also; विंशति-अधिपतिः (viṃśati-adhipatiḥ) - the overseer of twenty (villages); वृत्तम् (vṛttam) - conduct; जानपदे (jānapade) - in the district; जने (jane) - among the people; ग्रामाणाम् (grāmāṇām) - of the villages; शतपालाय (śatapālāya) - to the superintendent of a hundred (villages); सर्वम् (sarvam) - all; एव (eva) - indeed; निवेदयेत् (nivedayet) - should report;]
(He also, the overseer of twenty (villages), should report all conduct among the people in the district of the villages indeed to the superintendent of a hundred (villages).)
The overseer of twenty villages should report all matters concerning the conduct of the people in the district to the superintendent of a hundred villages.
यानि ग्रामीणभोज्यानि ग्रामिकस्तान्युपाश्नुयात्। दशपस्तेन भर्तव्यस्तेनापि द्विगुणाधिपः ॥१२-८८-६॥
yāni grāmiṇabhojyāni grāmikas tāny upāśnuyāt। daśapas tena bhartavyas tenāpi dviguṇādhipaḥ ॥12-88-6॥
[यानि (yāni) - which; (neuter plural) ग्रामीणभोज्यानि (grāmiṇabhojyāni) - fit to be eaten by villagers; (neuter plural) ग्रामिकः (grāmikaḥ) - village headman; तानि (tāni) - those; (neuter plural) उपाश्नुयात् (upāśnuyāt) - should partake; (optative, 3rd person singular) दशपः (daśapaḥ) - tax collector; तेन (tena) - by him; भर्तव्यः (bhartavyaḥ) - should be maintained; (gerundive, masculine singular) तेनापि (tenāpi) - by him also; द्विगुणाधिपः (dviguṇādhipaḥ) - superior of double (rank);]
(Which foods fit to be eaten by villagers, the village headman should partake of those. The tax collector should be maintained by him, and also the superior of double rank by him.)
The village headman should partake of the foods suitable for villagers. He should also maintain the tax collector and, in addition, the superior of double rank.
ग्रामं ग्रामशताध्यक्षो भोक्तुमर्हति सत्कृतः। महान्तं भरतश्रेष्ठ सुस्फीतजनसङ्कुलम् ॥ तत्र ह्यनेकमायत्तं राज्ञो भवति भारत ॥१२-८८-७॥
grāmaṃ grāmaśatādhyakṣo bhoktum arhati satkṛtaḥ। mahāntaṃ bharataśreṣṭha susphītajanasankulam॥ tatra hy anekam āyattaṃ rājño bhavati bhārata॥12-88-7॥
[ग्रामं (grāmaṃ) - village; ग्रामशताध्यक्षः (grāmaśatādhyakṣaḥ) - superintendent of a hundred villages; भोक्तुम् (bhoktum) - to enjoy; अर्हति (arhati) - deserves; सत्कृतः (satkṛtaḥ) - honored; महान्तम् (mahāntam) - great; भरतश्रेष्ठ (bharataśreṣṭha) - O best of the Bharatas; सुस्फीतजनसङ्कुलम् (susphītajanasankulam) - crowded with prosperous people; तत्र (tatra) - there; हि (hi) - indeed; अनेकम् (anekam) - many; आयत्तम् (āyattam) - dependent; राज्ञः (rājñaḥ) - of the king; भवति (bhavati) - becomes; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata;]
(The superintendent of a hundred villages, when honored, deserves to enjoy the village. O best of the Bharatas, the great village crowded with prosperous people—there indeed, many things become dependent on the king, O Bhārata.)
When the superintendent of a hundred villages is honored, he deserves to enjoy the village. O best of the Bharatas, in a great village crowded with prosperous people, many matters indeed become dependent on the king, O Bhārata.
शाखानगरमर्हस्तु सहस्रपतिरुत्तमम्। धान्यहैरण्यभोगेन भोक्तुं राष्ट्रिय उद्यतः ॥१२-८८-८॥
śākhānagaram arhastu sahasrapatir uttamam। dhānyahairaṇyabhogena bhoktuṃ rāṣṭriya udyataḥ ॥12-88-8॥
[शाखा (śākhā) - branch; नगरम् (nagaram) - city; अर्हः (arhaḥ) - worthy; अस्तु (astu) - let it be; सहस्रपति (sahasrapati) - lord of a thousand; उत्तमम् (uttamam) - excellent; धान्य (dhānya) - grain; हैरण्य (hairaṇya) - gold; भोगेन (bhogena) - with enjoyment; भोक्तुम् (bhoktum) - to enjoy; राष्ट्रिय (rāṣṭriya) - of the kingdom; उद्यतः (udyataḥ) - prepared;]
(Let the branch city be worthy, the excellent lord of a thousand, prepared to enjoy the grain and gold wealth of the kingdom.)
Let the branch city be worthy, with an excellent lord of a thousand, ready to enjoy the wealth of grain and gold of the kingdom.
तथा यद्ग्रामकृत्यं स्याद्ग्रामिकृत्यं च ते स्वयम्। धर्मज्ञः सचिवः कश्चित्तत्प्रपश्येदतन्द्रितः ॥१२-८८-९॥
tathā yad-grāmakṛtyaṃ syād-grāmikṛtyaṃ ca te svayam। dharmajñaḥ sacivaḥ kaścit tat-prapaśyed atandritaḥ ॥12-88-9॥
[तथा (tathā) - in that manner; यत् (yat) - which; ग्रामकृत्यं (grāmakṛtyam) - village-duty; स्यात् (syāt) - might be; ग्रामिकृत्यं (grāmikṛtyam) - headman's duty; च (ca) - and; ते (te) - your; स्वयम् (svayam) - oneself; धर्मज्ञः (dharmajñaḥ) - knower of dharma; सचिवः (sacivaḥ) - minister; कश्चित् (kaścit) - someone; तत् (tat) - that; प्रपश्येत् (prapaśyet) - should observe; अतन्द्रितः (atandritaḥ) - without negligence;]
(In that manner, whatever village-duty or headman's duty there might be, your own, a knower of dharma, a minister, someone, that, should observe without negligence.)
In this way, whatever duties of the village or the headman there may be, you yourself, or a minister who knows dharma, should carefully observe them without negligence.
नगरे नगरे च स्यादेकः सर्वार्थचिन्तकः। उच्चैःस्थाने घोररूपो नक्षत्राणामिव ग्रहः ॥ भवेत्स तान्परिक्रामेत्सर्वानेव सदा स्वयम् ॥१२-८८-१०॥
nagare nagare ca syādekaḥ sarvārthacintakaḥ। uccaiḥsthāne ghorarūpo nakṣatrāṇāmiva grahaḥ ॥ bhavetsa tānparikrāmetsarvāneva sadā svayam ॥12-88-10॥
[नगरे (nagare) - in the city; नगरे (nagare) - in the city; च (ca) - and; स्यात् (syāt) - there may be; एकः (ekaḥ) - one; सर्वार्थचिन्तकः (sarvārthacintakaḥ) - one who thinks of all matters; उच्चैःस्थाने (uccaiḥsthāne) - in a high place; घोररूपः (ghorarūpaḥ) - of terrible form; नक्षत्राणाम् (nakṣatrāṇām) - of the stars; इव (iva) - like; ग्रहः (grahaḥ) - a planet; भवेत् (bhavet) - may be; सः (saḥ) - he; तान् (tān) - them; परिक्रामेत् (parikrāmet) - may move around; सर्वान् (sarvān) - all; एव (eva) - indeed; सदा (sadā) - always; स्वयम् (svayam) - himself;]
(In the city, in the city, and there may be one who thinks of all matters; in a high place, of terrible form, like a planet among the stars. He may be, he himself may always move around all of them.)
In every city, there may be one who contemplates all matters; he, of terrible form and occupying a high place, like a planet among the stars, may always himself move among them all.
विक्रयं क्रयमध्वानं भक्तं च सपरिव्ययम्। योगक्षेमं च सम्प्रेक्ष्य वणिजः कारयेत्करान् ॥१२-८८-११॥
vikrayaṃ krayamadhvānaṃ bhaktaṃ ca saparivyayam। yogakṣemaṃ ca samprekṣya vaṇijaḥ kārayetkarān ॥12-88-11॥
[विक्रयम् (vikrayam) - sale; क्रयमध्वानम् (krayamadhvānam) - purchase-route; भक्तम् (bhaktam) - food; च (ca) - and; सपरिव्ययम् (saparivyayam) - with all expenses; योगक्षेमम् (yogakṣemam) - acquisition and preservation; च (ca) - and; सम्प्रेक्ष्य (samprekṣya) - having considered; वणिजः (vaṇijaḥ) - merchant; कारयेत् (kārayet) - should cause to pay; करान् (karān) - taxes;]
(Sale, purchase-route, food and all expenses, acquisition and preservation having considered, the merchant should cause to pay taxes.)
The merchant, having considered the sale, the route of purchase, food, all expenses, and the acquisition and preservation, should pay the taxes.
उत्पत्तिं दानवृत्तिं च शिल्पं सम्प्रेक्ष्य चासकृत्। शिल्पप्रतिकरानेव शिल्पिनः प्रति कारयेत् ॥१२-८८-१२॥
utpattiṃ dānavṛttiṃ ca śilpaṃ samprekṣya ca asakṛt। śilpapratikarān eva śilpinaḥ prati kārayet ॥12-88-12॥
[उत्पत्तिं (utpattiṃ) - origin; creation; दानवृत्तिं (dānavṛttiṃ) - gift-practice; charitable conduct; च (ca) - and; शिल्पं (śilpam) - art; craft; सम्प्रेक्ष्य (samprekṣya) - having considered; after observing; च (ca) - and; असकृत् (asakṛt) - repeatedly; many times; शिल्पप्रतिकरान् (śilpapratikarān) - art-rewards; compensations for craft; एव (eva) - indeed; only; शिल्पिनः (śilpinaḥ) - of artisans; of craftsmen; प्रति (prati) - towards; to; कारयेत् (kārayet) - should cause to be done; should have made;]
(Origin, gift-practice and art, having considered and repeatedly, art-rewards indeed of artisans towards should cause to be done.)
Having repeatedly considered the origin, the practice of giving, and the craft, one should ensure that the artisans are given appropriate rewards for their work.
उच्चावचकरा न्याय्याः पूर्वराज्ञां युधिष्ठिर। यथा यथा न हीयेरंस्तथा कुर्यान्महीपतिः ॥१२-८८-१३॥
uccāvacakarā nyāyyāḥ pūrvarājñāṃ yudhiṣṭhira। yathā yathā na hīyeraṃstathā kuryānmahīpatiḥ ॥12-88-13॥
[उच्चावचकरा (uccāvacakarā) - of varied (high and low) kinds; न्याय्याः (nyāyyāḥ) - just; पूर्वराज्ञाम् (pūrvarājñām) - of former kings; युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhiṣṭhira; यथा यथा (yathā yathā) - in whatever manner; न (na) - not; हीयेरन् (hīyeraṃ) - would decline; तथा (tathā) - so; कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should act; महीपतिः (mahīpatiḥ) - the king;]
(Of varied (high and low) kinds, just, of former kings, O Yudhiṣṭhira, in whatever manner they would not decline, so should the king act.)
O Yudhiṣṭhira, the king should act in such a way, following the just and varied precedents of former kings, so that his rule does not decline.
फलं कर्म च सम्प्रेक्ष्य ततः सर्वं प्रकल्पयेत्। फलं कर्म च निर्हेतु न कश्चित्सम्प्रवर्तयेत् ॥१२-८८-१४॥
phalaṃ karma ca samprekṣya tataḥ sarvaṃ prakalpayet। phalaṃ karma ca nirhetu na kaścit sampravartayet ॥12-88-14॥
[फलं (phalaṃ) - fruit; result; कर्म (karma) - action; deed; च (ca) - and; सम्प्रेक्ष्य (samprekṣya) - having considered; having examined; ततः (tataḥ) - then; thereafter; सर्वं (sarvaṃ) - all; everything; प्रकल्पयेत् (prakalpayet) - should arrange; should plan; फलं (phalaṃ) - fruit; result; कर्म (karma) - action; deed; च (ca) - and; निर्हेतु (nirhetu) - without cause; causeless; न (na) - not; कश्चित् (kaścit) - anyone; सम्प्रवर्तयेत् (sampravartayet) - should undertake; should set in motion;]
(Having considered the result and the action, then one should arrange everything. No one should undertake action without a cause, result, or purpose.)
One should plan everything after considering the result and the action. No one should engage in action without a cause or purpose.
यथा राजा च कर्ता च स्यातां कर्मणि भागिनौ। समवेक्ष्य तथा राज्ञा प्रणेयाः सततं कराः ॥१२-८८-१५॥
yathā rājā ca kartā ca syātāṃ karmaṇi bhāginau। samavekṣya tathā rājñā praṇeyāḥ satataṃ karāḥ ॥12-88-15॥
[यथा (yathā) - just as; राजा (rājā) - king; च (ca) - and; कर्ता (kartā) - doer; च (ca) - and; स्यातां (syātāṃ) - may be (dual); कर्मणि (karmaṇi) - in action; भागिनौ (bhāginau) - sharers (dual); समवेक्ष्य (samavekṣya) - having considered; तथा (tathā) - so; राज्ञा (rājñā) - by the king; प्रणेयाः (praṇeyāḥ) - should be imposed; सततं (satataṃ) - always; कराः (karāḥ) - taxes;]
(Just as the king and the doer may both be sharers in the action, having considered thus, by the king, taxes should always be imposed.)
Just as both the king and the agent are considered participants in an action, so too, taxes should always be imposed by the king after due consideration.
नोच्छिन्द्यादात्मनो मूलं परेषां वापि तृष्णया। ईहाद्वाराणि संरुध्य राजा सम्प्रीतिदर्शनः ॥१२-८८-१६॥
nocchindyād ātmano mūlaṃ pareṣāṃ vāpi tṛṣṇayā| īhādvārāṇi saṃrudhya rājā samprītidarśanaḥ ॥12-88-16॥
[नोच्छिन्द्यात् (nocchindyāt) - should not cut off; आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - of oneself; मूलम् (mūlam) - root; परेषाम् (pareṣām) - of others; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - even; तृष्णया (tṛṣṇayā) - by desire; ईहा (īhā) - by effort; द्वाराणि (dvārāṇi) - doors; संरुध्य (saṃrudhya) - having closed; राजा (rājā) - the king; सम्प्रीतिदर्शनः (samprītidarśanaḥ) - having the appearance of satisfaction;]
(One should not cut off the root of oneself or of others even by desire; having closed the doors of effort, the king appears satisfied.)
One should not destroy the foundation of oneself or others out of desire; having restrained all avenues of effort, the king appears content.
प्रद्विषन्ति परिख्यातं राजानमतिखादिनम्। प्रद्विष्टस्य कुतः श्रेयः सम्प्रियो लभते प्रियम् ॥१२-८८-१७॥
pradviṣanti parikhyātaṃ rājānam atikhādinam। pradviṣṭasya kutaḥ śreyaḥ sampriyo labhate priyam ॥12-88-17॥
[प्रद्विषन्ति (pradviṣanti) - they hate; परिख्यातम् (parikhyātam) - well-known; राजानम् (rājānam) - king; अतिकादिनम् (atikhādinam) - excessively greedy; प्रद्विष्टस्य (pradviṣṭasya) - of the hated; कुतः (kutaḥ) - whence; श्रेयः (śreyaḥ) - welfare; सम्प्रियः (sampriyaḥ) - truly dear; लभते (labhate) - obtains; प्रियम् (priyam) - affection;]
(They hate the well-known king who is excessively greedy. Of the hated, whence (is) welfare? (He) who is truly dear obtains affection.)
People hate a well-known king who is excessively greedy. How can one who is hated attain welfare? Only one who is truly dear obtains affection.
वत्सौपम्येन दोग्धव्यं राष्ट्रमक्षीणबुद्धिना। भृतो वत्सो जातबलः पीडां सहति भारत ॥१२-८८-१८॥
vatsaupamyena dogdhavyaṃ rāṣṭram akṣīṇabuddhinā। bhṛto vatso jātabalaḥ pīḍāṃ sahati bhārata ॥12-88-18॥
[वत्सौपम्येन (vatsaupamyena) - by the simile of a calf; दोग्धव्यं (dogdhavyam) - should be milked; राष्ट्रम् (rāṣṭram) - the kingdom; अक्षीणबुद्धिना (akṣīṇabuddhinā) - by one whose intellect is not diminished; भृतः (bhṛtaḥ) - nourished; वत्सः (vatsaḥ) - the calf; जातबलः (jātabalaḥ) - having acquired strength; पीडां (pīḍām) - pain; सहति (sahati) - endures; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata;]
(By the simile of a calf, the kingdom should be milked by one whose intellect is not diminished. The nourished calf, having acquired strength, endures pain, O Bhārata.)
O Bhārata, just as a calf, when nourished and grown strong, endures pain, so too should the kingdom be managed wisely by one of undiminished intellect.
न कर्म कुरुते वत्सो भृशं दुग्धो युधिष्ठिर। राष्ट्रमप्यतिदुग्धं हि न कर्म कुरुते महत् ॥१२-८८-१९॥
na karma kurute vatso bhṛśaṃ dugdho yudhiṣṭhira। rāṣṭram apy atidugdhaṃ hi na karma kurute mahat ॥12-88-19॥
[न (na) - not; कर्म (karma) - action; कुरुते (kurute) - does; वत्सः (vatsaḥ) - calf; भृशम् (bhṛśam) - excessively; दुग्धः (dugdhaḥ) - milked; युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira; राष्ट्रम् (rāṣṭram) - kingdom; अपि (api) - even; अति-दुग्धम् (ati-dugdham) - over-milked; हि (hi) - indeed; न (na) - not; कर्म (karma) - action; कुरुते (kurute) - does; महत् (mahat) - great;]
(Not action does the calf excessively milked, O Yudhiṣṭhira; the kingdom also, when over-milked indeed, not action does great.)
O Yudhiṣṭhira, a calf that has been excessively milked does not yield (any more) milk; likewise, a kingdom that is over-exploited does not produce great results.
यो राष्ट्रमनुगृह्णाति परिगृह्य स्वयं नृपः। सञ्जातमुपजीवन्स लभते सुमहत्फलम् ॥१२-८८-२०॥
yo rāṣṭram anugṛhṇāti parigṛhya svayaṃ nṛpaḥ। sañjātam upajīvansa labhate sumahatphalam ॥12-88-20॥
[यो (yaḥ) - who; राष्ट्रम् (rāṣṭram) - kingdom; अनुगृह्णाति (anugṛhṇāti) - favors; परिगृह्य (parigṛhya) - having protected; स्वयम् (svayam) - himself; नृपः (nṛpaḥ) - king; सञ्जातम् (sañjātam) - arisen; उपजीवन् (upajīvan) - sustaining; सः (saḥ) - he; लभते (labhate) - obtains; सुमहत् (sumahat) - very great; फलम् (phalam) - fruit; ॥१२-८८-२०॥ (॥12-88-20॥) -;]
(Who, the kingdom, favors, having protected, himself, king; arisen, sustaining, he, obtains, very great, fruit.)
The king who, having protected and favored his kingdom himself, sustains what has arisen, obtains very great rewards.
आपदर्थं हि निचयान्राजान इह चिन्वते। राष्ट्रं च कोशभूतं स्यात्कोशो वेश्मगतस्तथा ॥१२-८८-२१॥
āpadarthaṃ hi nicayān rājāna iha cinvate। rāṣṭraṃ ca kośabhūtaṃ syāt kośo veśmagatas tathā ॥12-88-21॥
[आपदर्थम् (āpadartham) - for the purpose of calamity; हि (hi) - indeed; निचयान् (nicayān) - collections (of wealth); राजान् (rājān) - the king; इह (iha) - here; चिन्वते (cinvate) - gathers; राष्ट्रम् (rāṣṭram) - the kingdom; च (ca) - and; कोशभूतम् (kośabhūtam) - serving as the treasury; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; कोशः (kośaḥ) - the treasury; वेश्मगतः (veśmagataḥ) - kept in the house; तथा (tathā) - likewise;]
(For the purpose of calamity indeed the king gathers collections (of wealth) here; the kingdom also should serve as the treasury; the treasury likewise is kept in the house.)
Indeed, the king gathers wealth here for times of calamity; the kingdom should serve as a treasury, and the treasury is likewise kept within the house.
पौरजानपदान्सर्वान्संश्रितोपाश्रितांस्तथा। यथाशक्त्यनुकम्पेत सर्वानभ्यन्तरानपि ॥१२-८८-२२॥
paurajanapadānsarvāṁsaṁśritopāśritāṁstathā। yathāśaktyanukampeta sarvānabhyantarānapi ॥12-88-22॥
[पौर (paura) - of citizens; जनपदान् (janapadān) - of countrymen; सर्वान् (sarvān) - all; संश्रित (saṁśrita) - those who have taken refuge; उपाश्रितान् (upāśritān) - those who are dependent; तथा (tathā) - likewise; यथा (yathā) - according to; शक्ति (śakti) - ability; अनुकम्पेत (anukampeta) - should show compassion; सर्वान् (sarvān) - all; अभ्यन्तरान् (abhyantarān) - those who are inside (internal people); अपि (api) - also;]
(Of citizens, of countrymen, all, those who have taken refuge, those who are dependent, likewise; according to ability, should show compassion, all, those who are inside, also.)
He should show compassion, according to his ability, to all citizens, countrymen, those who have taken refuge, those who are dependent, and likewise to all those who are internal as well.
बाह्यं जनं भेदयित्वा भोक्तव्यो मध्यमः सुखम्। एवं न सम्प्रकुप्यन्ते जनाः सुखितदुःखिताः ॥१२-८८-२३॥
bāhyaṃ janaṃ bhedayitvā bhoktavyo madhyamaḥ sukham। evaṃ na samprakupyante janāḥ sukhitaduḥkhitāḥ ॥12-88-23॥
[बाह्यं (bāhyam) - external; जनं (janam) - people; भेदयित्वा (bhedayitvā) - having separated; भोक्तव्यो (bhoktavyaḥ) - should be enjoyed; मध्यमः (madhyamaḥ) - the middle; सुखम् (sukham) - happiness; एवं (evaṃ) - thus; न (na) - not; सम्प्रकुप्यन्ते (samprakupyante) - become greatly agitated; जनाः (janāḥ) - people; सुखितदुःखिताः (sukhitaduḥkhitāḥ) - the happy and the unhappy;]
(Having separated the external people, the middle happiness should be enjoyed. Thus, the happy and the unhappy people do not become greatly agitated.)
By keeping external people apart, one should enjoy moderate happiness; in this way, both happy and unhappy people do not become greatly disturbed.
प्रागेव तु करादानमनुभाष्य पुनः पुनः। संनिपत्य स्वविषये भयं राष्ट्रे प्रदर्शयेत् ॥१२-८८-२४॥
prāgeva tu karādānam anubhāṣya punaḥ punaḥ। saṃnipatya svaviṣaye bhayaṃ rāṣṭre pradarśayet ॥12-88-24॥
[प्रागेव (prāgeva) - even before; तु (tu) - but; करादानम् (karādānam) - giving of tribute; अनुभाष्य (anubhāṣya) - having spoken; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; संनिपत्य (saṃnipatya) - having assembled; स्वविषये (svaviṣaye) - in one's own territory; भयम् (bhayam) - fear; राष्ट्रे (rāṣṭre) - in the kingdom; प्रदर्शयेत् (pradarśayet) - should display;]
(Even before, but having spoken about the giving of tribute again and again, having assembled in one's own territory, one should display fear in the kingdom.)
Even before, one should repeatedly discuss the giving of tribute; after assembling in one's own territory, one should display fear in the kingdom.
इयमापत्समुत्पन्ना परचक्रभयं महत्। अपि नान्ताय कल्पेत वेणोरिव फलागमः ॥१२-८८-२५॥
iyam āpatsamutpannā paracakrabhayaṃ mahat। api nāntāya kalpeta veṇoriva phalāgamaḥ ॥12-88-25॥
[इयम् (iyam) - this (feminine); आपत् (āpat) - calamity; समुत्पन्ना (samutpannā) - arisen; परचक्र (paracakra) - enemy's army; भयम् (bhayam) - fear; महत् (mahat) - great; अपि (api) - even; न (na) - not; अन्ताय (antāya) - for ending; कल्पेत (kalpeta) - may be fit; वेणोः (veṇoḥ) - of the bamboo; इव (iva) - like; फलागमः (phalāgamaḥ) - fruit-bearing;]
(This calamity arisen, the great fear of the enemy's army, even may not be fit for ending, like the fruit-bearing of the bamboo.)
This calamity, the great fear caused by the enemy's army, may not end at all, just as the bamboo does not bear fruit (or, its fruiting marks its end).
अरयो मे समुत्थाय बहुभिर्दस्युभिः सह। इदमात्मवधायैव राष्ट्रमिच्छन्ति बाधितुम् ॥१२-८८-२६॥
arayo me samutthāya bahubhir dasyubhiḥ saha। idam ātmavadhāyaiva rāṣṭram icchanti bādhitum ॥12-88-26॥
[अरयः (arayaḥ) - enemies; मे (me) - my; समुत्थाय (samutthāya) - having arisen together; बहुभिः (bahubhiḥ) - with many; दस्युभिः (dasyubhiḥ) - with robbers; सह (saha) - together with; इदम् (idam) - this; आत्मवधाय (ātmavadhāya) - for self-destruction; एव (eva) - indeed; राष्ट्रम् (rāṣṭram) - kingdom; इच्छन्ति (icchanti) - they desire; बाधितुम् (bādhitum) - to harm;]
(Enemies, having arisen together with many robbers, indeed desire to harm this kingdom for self-destruction.)
My enemies, having risen together with many robbers, now wish to harm this kingdom solely for its destruction.
अस्यामापदि घोरायां सम्प्राप्ते दारुणे भये। परित्राणाय भवतां प्रार्थयिष्ये धनानि वः ॥१२-८८-२७॥
asyām āpadi ghorāyāṃ samprāpte dāruṇe bhaye। paritrāṇāya bhavatāṃ prārthayiṣye dhanāni vaḥ॥12-88-27॥
[अस्याम् (asyām) - in this; (feminine locative singular of idam) आपदि (āpadi) - calamity; (feminine locative singular of āpada) घोरायाम् (ghorāyām) - terrible; (feminine locative singular of ghora) सम्प्राप्ते (samprāpte) - having arrived; (locative singular of samprāpta) दारुणे (dāruṇe) - cruel; (locative singular of dāruṇa) भये (bhaye) - fear; (locative singular of bhaya) परित्राणाय (paritrāṇāya) - for deliverance; (dative singular of paritrāṇa) भवताम् (bhavatām) - of you; (genitive plural of bhavat) प्रार्थयिष्ये (prārthayiṣye) - I shall request; (1st person singular future of prārthay) धनानि (dhanāni) - wealths; (accusative plural of dhana) वः (vaḥ) - your; (genitive plural of yuṣmad);]
(In this terrible calamity, when cruel fear has arrived, for deliverance, I shall request your wealths.)
In this dreadful calamity, when cruel fear has come, I shall request your wealth for deliverance.
प्रतिदास्ये च भवतां सर्वं चाहं भयक्षये। नारयः प्रतिदास्यन्ति यद्धरेयुर्बलादितः ॥१२-८८-२८॥
pratidāsyē ca bhavatāṃ sarvaṃ cāhaṃ bhayakṣayē| nārayaḥ pratidāsyanti yaddhareyurbalāditaḥ ॥12-88-28॥
[प्रतिदास्ये (pratidāsyē) - I shall give back; (from dā, to give, with prefix prati, back, and future tense ending -syē;) च (ca) - and; भवतां (bhavatām) - of you (plural); सर्वं (sarvaṃ) - all; च (ca) - and; अहम् (aham) - I; भयक्षये (bhayakṣayē) - at the destruction of fear; (bhaya, fear + kṣaya, destruction; locative singular;) नारयः (nārayaḥ) - men; (plural of nara;) प्रतिदास्यन्ति (pratidāsyanti) - they shall give back; (future tense, 3rd person plural;) यत् (yat) - that which; हरेयुः (hareyuḥ) - they might take away; (from hṛ, to take away, optative plural;) बलात् (balāt) - by force; इतः (itaḥ) - from here;]
(I shall give back all of yours at the destruction of fear, and men shall give back whatever they might take away from here by force.)
I will return all your possessions when the danger has passed, and men will restore whatever they may have taken from here by force.
कलत्रमादितः कृत्वा नश्येत्स्वं स्वयमेव हि। अपि चेत्पुत्रदारार्थमर्थसञ्चय इष्यते ॥१२-८८-२९॥
kalatramāditaḥ kṛtvā naśyetsvaṃ svayameva hi। api cetputradārārthamarthasañcaya iṣyate ॥12-88-29॥
[कलत्रम् (kalatram) - wife; आदितः (āditaḥ) - from the beginning; कृत्वा (kṛtvā) - having made; नश्येत् (naśyet) - would perish; स्वम् (svam) - one's own; स्वयम् (svayam) - oneself; एव (eva) - indeed; हि (hi) - for; अपि (api) - even; चेत् (cet) - if; पुत्र (putra) - son; दारार्थम् (dārārtham) - for the sake of wife; अर्थसञ्चयः (arthasañcayaḥ) - accumulation of wealth; इष्यते (iṣyate) - is desired;]
(Having made the wife primary, one's own (wealth) would perish indeed by oneself. Even if the accumulation of wealth is desired for the sake of son and wife.)
If one makes the wife the foremost, one's own wealth will surely perish by one's own doing. Even if the accumulation of wealth is desired for the sake of son and wife.
नन्दामि वः प्रभावेन पुत्राणामिव चोदये। यथाशक्त्यनुगृह्णामि राष्ट्रस्यापीडया च वः ॥१२-८८-३०॥
nandāmi vaḥ prabhāvena putrāṇām iva codaye। yathāśakty anugṛhṇāmi rāṣṭrasya apīḍayā ca vaḥ ॥12-88-30॥
[नन्दामि (nandāmi) - I rejoice; वः (vaḥ) - you (plural); प्रभावेन (prabhāvena) - by the power; पुत्राणाम् (putrāṇām) - of sons; इव (iva) - like; चोदये (codaye) - I urge; यथा (yathā) - according to; शक्ति (śakti) - ability; अनुगृह्णामि (anugṛhṇāmi) - I favor; राष्ट्रस्य (rāṣṭrasya) - of the kingdom; अपीडया (apīḍayā) - without oppression; च (ca) - and; वः (vaḥ) - you (plural);]
(I rejoice in you by the power, like (one rejoices) in sons; I urge (you), according to ability, I favor you for the kingdom, and without oppression.)
I am delighted by your strength and encourage you as one would his own sons; I support you to the best of my ability for the good of the kingdom, and do so without causing you hardship.
आपत्स्वेव च वोढव्यं भवद्भिः सद्गवैरिव। न वः प्रियतरं कार्यं धनं कस्याञ्चिदापदि ॥१२-८८-३१॥
āpatsveva ca voḍhavyaṃ bhavadbhiḥ sadgavairiva। na vaḥ priyataraṃ kāryaṃ dhanaṃ kasyāñcidāpadi॥12-88-31॥
[आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in calamities; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; वोढव्यम् (voḍhavyam) - to be borne; भवद्भिः (bhavadbhiḥ) - by you; सद्गवैः (sadgavaiḥ) - by good cows; इव (iva) - like; न (na) - not; वः (vaḥ) - for you; प्रियतरम् (priyataraṃ) - dearer; कार्यं (kāryaṃ) - duty; धनम् (dhanam) - wealth; कस्याञ्चित् (kasyāñcit) - of anyone; आपदि (āpadi) - in calamity;]
(In calamities indeed and to be borne by you like by good cows; not for you dearer duty wealth of anyone in calamity.)
In times of calamity, you must bear (the burden) just as good cows do; for you, there is no duty dearer than protecting the wealth of anyone in distress.
इति वाचा मधुरया श्लक्ष्णया सोपचारया। स्वरश्मीनभ्यवसृजेद्युगमादाय कालवित् ॥१२-८८-३२॥
iti vācā madhurayā ślakṣṇayā sopacārayā। svaraśmī nabhyavasṛjed yugam ādāya kālavit ॥12-88-32॥
[इति (iti) - thus; वाचा (vācā) - with speech; मधुरया (madhurayā) - sweet; श्लक्ष्णया (ślakṣṇayā) - gentle; सोपचारया (sopacārayā) - with courtesy; स्वरश्मी (svaraśmī) - the Sun; अनभ्यवसृजेत् (anabhyavasṛjet) - did not send forth; युगम् (yugam) - the chariot; आदाय (ādāya) - having taken; कालवित् (kālavit) - knower of time;]
(Thus, with sweet, gentle, and courteous speech, the Sun, knowing the time, having taken the chariot, did not send it forth.)
Thus, with sweet, gentle, and courteous words, the Sun, knowing the proper time, did not set the chariot in motion.
प्रचारं भृत्यभरणं व्ययं गोग्रामतो भयम्। योगक्षेमं च सम्प्रेक्ष्य गोमिनः कारयेत्करान् ॥१२-८८-३३॥
pracāraṃ bhṛtyabharaṇaṃ vyayaṃ gogrāmato bhayam। yogakṣemaṃ ca samprekṣya gominaḥ kārayetkarān ॥12-88-33॥
[प्रचारम् (pracāram) - expansion; भृत्यभरणम् (bhṛtyabharaṇam) - maintenance of servants; व्ययम् (vyayam) - expenditure; गोग्रामतः (gogrāmataḥ) - from cow-villages; भयम् (bhayam) - fear; योगक्षेमम् (yogakṣemam) - acquisition and preservation; च (ca) - and; सम्प्रेक्ष्य (samprekṣya) - having considered; गोमिनः (gominaḥ) - of the cow-owners; कारयेत् (kārayet) - should cause to be made; करान् (karān) - taxes;]
(Having considered expansion, maintenance of servants, expenditure, fear from cow-villages, and acquisition and preservation, the king should cause the cow-owners to pay taxes.)
The king, after considering expansion, maintenance of servants, expenses, dangers from cow-villages, and the security and welfare of the realm, should levy taxes from the cow-owners.
उपेक्षिता हि नश्येयुर्गोमिनोऽरण्यवासिनः। तस्मात्तेषु विशेषेण मृदुपूर्वं समाचरेत् ॥१२-८८-३४॥
upekṣitā hi naśyeyur gomināḥ araṇya-vāsinaḥ। tasmāt teṣu viśeṣeṇa mṛdu-pūrvaṃ samācaret ॥12-88-34॥
[उपेक्षिता (upekṣitā) - neglected; हि (hi) - indeed; नश्येयुः (naśyeyuḥ) - would perish; गोमिनः (gomināḥ) - cowherds; अरण्यवासिनः (araṇya-vāsinaḥ) - forest-dwellers; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; तेषु (teṣu) - towards them; विशेषेण (viśeṣeṇa) - especially; मृदुपूर्वम् (mṛdu-pūrvam) - with gentleness; समाचरेत् (samācaret) - should act;]
(Neglected indeed would perish cowherds and forest-dwellers. Therefore towards them especially with gentleness one should act.)
If neglected, cowherds and forest-dwellers would indeed perish; therefore, one should especially act towards them with gentleness.
सान्त्वनं रक्षणं दानमवस्था चाप्यभीक्ष्णशः। गोमिनां पार्थ कर्तव्यं संविभागाः प्रियाणि च ॥१२-८८-३५॥
sāntvanaṃ rakṣaṇaṃ dānam avasthā cāpy abhīkṣṇaśaḥ। gomināṃ pārtha kartavyaṃ saṃvibhāgāḥ priyāṇi ca ॥12-88-35॥
[सान्त्वनम् (sāntvanam) - consolation; रक्षणम् (rakṣaṇam) - protection; दानम् (dānam) - giving; अवस्था (avasthā) - attendance; च (ca) - and; अपि (api) - also; अभीक्ष्णशः (abhīkṣṇaśaḥ) - constantly; गोमिनाम् (gominām) - of cow-owners; पार्थ (pārtha) - O Pārtha; कर्तव्यम् (kartavyam) - duty; संविभागाः (saṃvibhāgāḥ) - sharing; प्रियाणि (priyāṇi) - pleasant things; च (ca) - and;]
(Consolation, protection, giving, attendance also constantly, of cow-owners, O Pārtha, duty, sharing, pleasant things and.)
O Pārtha, it is the duty of cow-owners to constantly offer consolation, protection, gifts, attendance, sharing, and pleasant things.
अजस्रमुपयोक्तव्यं फलं गोमिषु सर्वतः। प्रभावयति राष्ट्रं च व्यवहारं कृषिं तथा ॥१२-८८-३६॥
ajasram-upayoktavyam phalam gomiṣu sarvataḥ। prabhāvayati rāṣṭraṃ ca vyavahāraṃ kṛṣiṃ tathā ॥12-88-36॥
[अजस्रम् (ajasram) - constantly; उपयोक्तव्यं (upayoktavyam) - to be utilized; फलं (phalam) - fruit; गोमिषु (gomiṣu) - in cow products; सर्वतः (sarvataḥ) - in every way; प्रभावयति (prabhāvayati) - causes to flourish; राष्ट्रं (rāṣṭram) - the nation; च (ca) - and; व्यवहारं (vyavahāram) - commerce; कृषिं (kṛṣim) - agriculture; तथा (tathā) - likewise;]
(Constantly to be utilized is the fruit in cow products in every way; it causes to flourish the nation and commerce and agriculture likewise.)
The products of the cow should always be used in every possible way; they promote the prosperity of the nation, commerce, and agriculture alike.
तस्माद्गोमिषु यत्नेन प्रीतिं कुर्याद्विचक्षणः। दयावानप्रमत्तश्च करान्सम्प्रणयन्मृदून् ॥१२-८८-३७॥
tasmādgomiṣu yatnena prītiṃ kuryād vicakṣaṇaḥ। dayāvānapramattaś ca karān sampraṇayan mṛdūn ॥12-88-37॥
[तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; गोमिषु (gomiṣu) - towards cows; यत्नेन (yatnena) - with effort; प्रीतिम् (prītim) - affection; कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - should do; विचक्षणः (vicakṣaṇaḥ) - the wise one; दयावान् (dayāvān) - compassionate; अप्रमत्तः (apramattaḥ) - attentive; च (ca) - and; करान् (karān) - actions; सम्प्रणयन् (sampraṇayan) - performing; मृदून् (mṛdūn) - gentle; ॥१२-८८-३७॥ (॥12-88-37॥) - ॥12-88-37॥;]
(Therefore, towards cows, with effort, affection should be shown by the wise one; compassionate, attentive and performing gentle actions.)
Therefore, the wise person should diligently show affection towards cows, being compassionate and attentive, and perform gentle actions.
सर्वत्र क्षेमचरणं सुलभं तात गोमिभिः। न ह्यतः सदृशं किञ्चिद्धनमस्ति युधिष्ठिर ॥१२-८८-३८॥
sarvatra kṣemacaraṇaṃ sulabhaṃ tāta gomibhiḥ। na hyataḥ sadṛśaṃ kiñciddhanamasti yudhiṣṭhira ॥12-88-38॥
[सर्वत्र (sarvatra) - everywhere; क्षेमचरणं (kṣemacaraṇam) - safe movement; सुलभं (sulabham) - easily attainable; तात (tāta) - dear one; गोमिभिः (gomibhiḥ) - by those who possess cows; न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; अतः (ataḥ) - than this; सदृशं (sadṛśam) - equal; किञ्चित् (kiñcit) - anything; धनम् (dhanam) - wealth; अस्ति (asti) - exists; युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira;]
(Everywhere, safe movement is easily attainable, dear one, by those who possess cows. Indeed, there is no wealth equal to this, O Yudhiṣṭhira.)
O Yudhiṣṭhira, everywhere, those who possess cows can easily attain safe movement; indeed, there is no wealth equal to this.
