12.108
युधिष्ठिर उवाच॥
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca॥
[युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira; (proper noun, name of a person); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (from the root 'vac' - to speak);]
(Yudhiṣṭhira said;)
Yudhiṣṭhira said.
ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियविशां शूद्राणां च परन्तप। धर्मो वृत्तं च वृत्तिश्च वृत्त्युपायफलानि च ॥१२-१०८-१॥
brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviśāṃ śūdrāṇāṃ ca parantapa। dharmo vṛttaṃ ca vṛttiśca vṛttyupāyaphalāni ca ॥12-108-1॥
[ब्राह्मण (brāhmaṇa) - brāhmaṇa; (member of priestly class); क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya) - kṣatriya; (member of warrior class); विशां (viśām) - of the vaiśyas; (members of merchant class); शूद्राणां (śūdrāṇām) - of the śūdras; (members of servant class); च (ca) - and; परन्तप (parantapa) - O scorcher of foes; (epithet for Arjuna); धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - dharma; (righteousness, duty); वृत्तं (vṛttam) - conduct; (behavior); च (ca) - and; वृत्तिः (vṛttiḥ) - livelihood; (means of living); च (ca) - and; वृत्त्युपायफलानि (vṛttyupāyaphalāni) - the results of the means of livelihood; च (ca) - and;]
(O Parantapa, for brāhmaṇas, kṣatriyas, vaiśyas, and śūdras, dharma, conduct, livelihood, and the results of the means of livelihood (are described).)
O Parantapa, the dharma, conduct, livelihood, and the results of the means of livelihood for brāhmaṇas, kṣatriyas, vaiśyas, and śūdras are described here.
राज्ञां वृत्तं च कोशश्च कोशसञ्जननं महत्। अमात्यगुणवृद्धिश्च प्रकृतीनां च वर्धनम् ॥१२-१०८-२॥
rājñāṃ vṛttaṃ ca kośaś ca kośasañjananaṃ mahat | amātyaguṇavṛddhiś ca prakṛtīnāṃ ca vardhanam ||12-108-2||
[राज्ञां (rājñām) - of kings; वृत्तं (vṛttam) - conduct; च (ca) - and; कोशः (kośaḥ) - treasury; च (ca) - and; कोशसञ्जननं (kośasañjananam) - creation of treasury; महत् (mahat) - great; अमात्यगुणवृद्धिः (amātyaguṇavṛddhiḥ) - increase of ministers' qualities; च (ca) - and; प्रकृतीनां (prakṛtīnām) - of subjects; च (ca) - and; वर्धनम् (vardhanam) - growth;]
(Of kings, conduct and treasury and the great creation of treasury; increase of ministers' qualities and growth of subjects.)
The conduct of kings, the treasury, the great creation of wealth, the enhancement of ministers' qualities, and the growth of the subjects.
षाड्गुण्यगुणकल्पश्च सेनानीतिस्तथैव च। दुष्टस्य च परिज्ञानमदुष्टस्य च लक्षणम् ॥१२-१०८-३॥
ṣāḍguṇyaguṇakalpaś ca senānītis tathaiva ca। duṣṭasya ca parijñānam aduṣṭasya ca lakṣaṇam ॥12-108-3॥
[षाड्गुण्य (ṣāḍguṇya) - the sixfold policy; गुण (guṇa) - virtue; कल्पः (kalpaḥ) - regulation; च (ca) - and; सेनानीतिः (senānītiḥ) - military strategy; तथैव (tathaiva) - likewise; च (ca) - and; दुष्टस्य (duṣṭasya) - of the wicked; च (ca) - and; परिज्ञानम् (parijñānam) - complete understanding; अदुष्टस्य (aduṣṭasya) - of the non-wicked; च (ca) - and; लक्षणम् (lakṣaṇam) - characteristic;]
(The regulation of the sixfold policy, virtue, and military strategy likewise; and the complete understanding of the wicked and the characteristic of the non-wicked.)
The regulation of the sixfold policy, virtue, and military strategy, as well as the complete understanding of the wicked and the characteristics of the non-wicked, are to be known.
समहीनाधिकानां च यथावल्लक्षणोच्चयः। मध्यमस्य च तुष्ट्यर्थं यथा स्थेयं विवर्धता ॥१२-१०८-४॥
samahīnādhikānāṃ ca yathāvallakṣaṇoccayaḥ। madhyamasya ca tuṣṭyarthaṃ yathā stheyaṃ vivardhatā ॥12-108-4॥
[सम (sama) - equal; हीन (hīna) - inferior; अधिकानां (adhikānāṃ) - of the superior; च (ca) - and; यथावत् (yathāvat) - as is proper; लक्षण (lakṣaṇa) - characteristic; उच्चयः (uccayaḥ) - accumulation; मध्यमस्य (madhyamasya) - of the middle one; च (ca) - and; तुष्टि (tuṣṭi) - satisfaction; अर्थं (arthaṃ) - for the sake of; यथा (yathā) - as; स्थेयं (stheyaṃ) - should be maintained; विवर्धता (vivardhatā) - by increasing;]
(Equal, inferior, and superior—and as is proper, the accumulation of characteristics; and for the sake of the satisfaction of the middle one, as it should be maintained by increasing.)
The characteristics of equals, inferiors, and superiors should be accumulated as appropriate; and for the satisfaction of the middle person, one should maintain and increase (these qualities) accordingly.
क्षीणसङ्ग्रहवृत्तिश्च यथावत्सम्प्रकीर्तिता। लघुनादेशरूपेण ग्रन्थयोगेन भारत ॥१२-१०८-५॥
kṣīṇasaṅgrahavṛttiś ca yathāvatsamprakīrtitā। laghunādeśarūpeṇa granthayogena bhārata ॥12-108-5॥
[क्षीण (kṣīṇa) - diminished; सङ्ग्रह (saṅgraha) - compendium; वृत्तिः (vṛttiḥ) - explanation; च (ca) - and; यथावत् (yathāvat) - as it is; सम्प्रकीर्तिता (samprakīrtitā) - has been properly described; लघु (laghu) - concise; नादेश (nādeśa) - instruction; रूपेण (rūpeṇa) - in the form of; ग्रन्थ (grantha) - text; योगेन (yogena) - by the combination; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata;]
(The diminished compendium explanation and as it is has been properly described. In concise instruction form, by the combination of the text, O Bhārata.)
O Bhārata, the explanation of the diminished compendium has been properly described as it is, in a concise instructional form, by the combination of the text.
विजिगीषोस्तथावृत्तमुक्तं चैव तथैव ते। गणानां वृत्तिमिच्छामि श्रोतुं मतिमतां वर ॥१२-१०८-६॥
vijigīṣostathāvṛttamuktaṃ caiva tathaiva te। gaṇānāṃ vṛttimicchāmi śrotuṃ matimatāṃ vara ॥12-108-6॥
[विजिगीषोः (vijigīṣoḥ) - of the one desiring to conquer; तथा (tathā) - thus; आवृत्तम् (āvṛttam) - repeated; उक्तम् (uktam) - spoken; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; तथैव (tathaiva) - in the same way; ते (te) - to you; गणानाम् (gaṇānām) - of the groups; वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - conduct; इच्छामि (icchāmi) - I wish; श्रोतुम् (śrotum) - to hear; मतिमताम् (matimatām) - of the wise; वर (vara) - best;]
(Of the one desiring to conquer, thus the repeated spoken (words) and indeed in the same way to you; of the groups, the conduct I wish to hear, O best of the wise.)
Just as you have described the conduct of the one desiring victory, in the same way, O best of the wise, I wish to hear about the conduct of the groups.
यथा गणाः प्रवर्धन्ते न भिद्यन्ते च भारत। अरीन्हि विजिगीषन्ते सुहृदः प्राप्नुवन्ति च ॥१२-१०८-७॥
yathā gaṇāḥ pravardhante na bhidyante ca bhārata। arīn hi vijigīṣante suhṛdaḥ prāpnuvanti ca ॥12-108-7॥
[यथा (yathā) - just as; गणाः (gaṇāḥ) - groups; प्रवर्धन्ते (pravardhante) - grow; न (na) - not; भिद्यन्ते (bhidyante) - are divided; च (ca) - and; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata; अरीन् (arīn) - enemies; हि (hi) - indeed; विजिगीषन्ते (vijigīṣante) - wish to conquer; सुहृदः (suhṛdaḥ) - friends; प्राप्नुवन्ति (prāpnuvanti) - attain; च (ca) - and;]
(Just as groups grow and are not divided, O Bhārata, enemies indeed wish to conquer, and friends attain (success).)
O Bhārata, just as groups flourish and remain united, enemies seek to conquer, while friends achieve success.
भेदमूलो विनाशो हि गणानामुपलभ्यते। मन्त्रसंवरणं दुःखं बहूनामिति मे मतिः ॥१२-१०८-८॥
bhedamūlo vināśo hi gaṇānāmupalabhyate। mantrasaṃvaraṇaṃ duḥkhaṃ bahūnāmiti me matiḥ ॥12-108-8॥
[भेदमूलः (bhedamūlaḥ) - rooted in division; विनाशः (vināśaḥ) - destruction; हि (hi) - indeed; गणानाम् (gaṇānām) - of groups; उपलभ्यते (upalabhyate) - is observed; मन्त्रसंवरणम् (mantrasaṃvaraṇam) - concealment of counsel; दुःखम् (duḥkham) - pain; बहूनाम् (bahūnām) - for many; इति (iti) - thus; मे (me) - my; मतिः (matiḥ) - opinion;]
(Destruction rooted in division is indeed observed among groups. Concealment of counsel is pain for many—thus is my opinion.)
Destruction that arises from division is indeed seen among groups. Concealing counsel brings pain to many—this is my view.
एतदिच्छाम्यहं श्रोतुं निखिलेन परन्तप। यथा च ते न भिद्येरंस्तच्च मे ब्रूहि पार्थिव ॥१२-१०८-९॥
etadicchāmyahaṃ śrotuṃ nikhilena parantapa। yathā ca te na bhidyeraṃstacca me brūhi pārthiva ॥12-108-9॥
[एतत् (etat) - this; इच्छामि (icchāmi) - I desire; अहम् (aham) - I; श्रोतुम् (śrotum) - to hear; निखिलेन (nikhilena) - completely; परन्तप (parantapa) - O scorcher of foes; यथा (yathā) - how; च (ca) - and; ते (te) - they; न (na) - not; भिद्येरन् (bhidyeraṃ) - would be divided; तत् (tat) - that; च (ca) - and; मे (me) - to me; ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell; पार्थिव (pārthiva) - O king;]
(This I desire I to hear completely, O scorcher of foes; how and they not would be divided, that and to me tell, O king.)
O king, I wish to hear this in full, O scorcher of foes; tell me how they would not be divided.
भीष्म उवाच॥
bhīṣma uvāca॥
[भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhīṣma; (name of the speaker); उवाच (uvāca) - said; (he spoke);]
(Bhīṣma said;)
Bhīṣma said.
गणानां च कुलानां च राज्ञां च भरतर्षभ। वैरसंदीपनावेतौ लोभामर्षौ जनाधिप ॥१२-१०८-१०॥
gaṇānāṃ ca kulānāṃ ca rājñāṃ ca bharatarṣabha। vairasandīpanāvetau lobhāmarṣau janādhipa ॥12-108-10॥
[गणानाम् (gaṇānām) - of groups; च (ca) - and; कुलानाम् (kulānām) - of families; च (ca) - and; राज्ञाम् (rājñām) - of kings; च (ca) - and; भरतर्षभ (bharatarṣabha) - O bull among the Bharatas; वैरसंदीपनौ (vairasandīpanau) - the two that kindle enmity; एतौ (etau) - these two; लोभ (lobha) - greed; अमर्षौ (amarṣau) - and anger; जनाधिप (janādhipa) - O lord of people;]
(Of groups and of families and of kings, O bull among the Bharatas, these two—greed and anger—O lord of people, are those that kindle enmity.)
O Bharata chief, greed and anger are the two that kindle enmity among groups, families, and kings, O lord of people.
लोभमेको हि वृणुते ततोऽमर्षमनन्तरम्। तौ क्षयव्ययसंयुक्तावन्योन्यजनिताश्रयौ ॥१२-१०८-११॥
lobhameko hi vṛṇute tato'marṣamanantaram। tau kṣayavyayasaṃyuktāvanyonya janitāśrayau ॥12-108-11॥
[लोभम् (lobham) - greed; एकः (ekaḥ) - one; हि (hi) - indeed; वृणुते (vṛṇute) - chooses; ततः (tataḥ) - thereafter; अमर्षम् (amarṣam) - anger; अनन्तरम् (anantaram) - immediately after; तौ (tau) - those two; क्षयव्ययसंयुक्तौ (kṣayavyayasaṃyuktau) - end and loss united; अन्योन्यजनिताश्रयौ (anyonya janitāśrayau) - mutually produced and dependent;]
(Greed alone indeed chooses, thereafter anger immediately after. Those two, united with end and loss, mutually produced and dependent.)
It is only greed that one chooses, and immediately after comes anger. These two, being associated with destruction and loss, are mutually produced and dependent on each other.
चारमन्त्रबलादानैः सामदानविभेदनैः। क्षयव्ययभयोपायैः कर्शयन्तीतरेतरम् ॥१२-१०८-१२॥
cāra-mantra-bala-ādānaiḥ sāma-dāna-vibhedanaiḥ | kṣaya-vyaya-bhaya-upāyaiḥ karśayanti itara-itaraṃ ॥12-108-12॥
[चार (cāra) - spy; मन्त्र (mantra) - counsel; बल (bala) - strength; आदानैः (ādānaiḥ) - by means of acquisition; साम (sāma) - conciliation; दान (dāna) - gift; विभेदनैः (vibhedanaiḥ) - by means of division; क्षय (kṣaya) - destruction; व्यय (vyaya) - expenditure; भय (bhaya) - fear; उपायैः (upāyaiḥ) - by means; कर्शयन्ति (karśayanti) - they harass; इतर (itara) - the other; इतरम् (itaram) - the other;]
(By means of spies, counsel, strength, acquisition, conciliation, gifts, division, destruction, expenditure, fear, and means, they harass one another.)
By means of spies, counsel, strength, acquisition, conciliation, gifts, division, destruction, expenditure, fear, and other strategies, they harass each other.
तत्र दानेन भिद्यन्ते गणाः सङ्घातवृत्तयः। भिन्ना विमनसः सर्वे गच्छन्त्यरिवशं भयात् ॥१२-१०८-१३॥
tatra dānena bhidyante gaṇāḥ saṅghātavṛttayaḥ। bhinnā vimanasaḥ sarve gacchantyarivaśaṃ bhayāt ॥12-108-13॥
[तत्र (tatra) - there; दानेन (dānena) - by giving; भिद्यन्ते (bhidyante) - are split; गणाः (gaṇāḥ) - groups; सङ्घातवृत्तयः (saṅghātavṛttayaḥ) - those whose conduct is collective; भिन्नाः (bhinnāḥ) - split; विमनसः (vimanasaḥ) - dispirited; सर्वे (sarve) - all; गच्छन्ति (gacchanti) - go; अरिवशम् (arivaśam) - under the control of the enemy; भयात् (bhayāt) - out of fear;]
(There, by giving, groups whose conduct is collective are split; all, split and dispirited, go under the control of the enemy out of fear.)
There, by means of gifts, groups with collective conduct are divided; all, being split and dispirited, go under the enemy's control out of fear.
भेदाद्गणा विनश्यन्ति भिन्नाः सूपजपाः परैः। तस्मात्सङ्घातयोगेषु प्रयतेरन्गणाः सदा ॥१२-१०८-१४॥
bhedād gaṇā vinaśyanti bhinnāḥ sūpajapāḥ paraiḥ। tasmāt saṅghātayogeṣu prayateran gaṇāḥ sadā ॥12-108-14॥
[भेदात् (bhedāt) - from division; गणाः (gaṇāḥ) - groups; विनश्यन्ति (vinaśyanti) - are destroyed; भिन्नाः (bhinnāḥ) - divided; सूपजपाः (sūpajapāḥ) - those who mutter over soup (i.e., those who are divided in purpose or action); परैः (paraiḥ) - by others; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; सङ्घातयोगेषु (saṅghātayogeṣu) - in unions or associations; प्रयतेरन् (prayateran) - should strive; गणाः (gaṇāḥ) - groups; सदा (sadā) - always;]
(From division, groups are destroyed; divided, those who mutter over soup (i.e., those divided in purpose) by others. Therefore, in unions or associations, groups should always strive.)
Groups are destroyed by division; those divided in purpose are overcome by others. Therefore, groups should always strive for unity in associations.
अर्था ह्येवाधिगम्यन्ते सङ्घातबलपौरुषात्। बाह्याश्च मैत्रीं कुर्वन्ति तेषु सङ्घातवृत्तिषु ॥१२-१०८-१५॥
arthā hyevādhigamyante saṅghāta-bala-pauruṣāt। bāhyāś ca maitrīṃ kurvanti teṣu saṅghāta-vṛttiṣu ॥12-108-15॥
[अर्थाः (arthāḥ) - objects; (aims; purposes; wealth;) हि (hi) - indeed; एव (eva) - only; अधिगम्यन्ते (adhigamyante) - are attained; सङ्घात (saṅghāta) - by combination; बल (bala) - by strength; पौरुषात् (pauruṣāt) - by effort; बाह्याः (bāhyāḥ) - external (people/things); च (ca) - and; मैत्रीम् (maitrīm) - friendship; कुर्वन्ति (kurvanti) - make; तेषु (teṣu) - among those; सङ्घात (saṅghāta) - in combinations; वृत्तिषु (vṛttiṣu) - in activities;]
(Objects indeed only are attained by combination, strength, and effort; external (people) also make friendship among those in combinations (and) activities.)
Objects are attained only through combination, strength, and effort; even outsiders form friendships among those engaged in collective activities.
ज्ञानवृद्धान्प्रशंसन्तः शुश्रूषन्तः परस्परम्। विनिवृत्ताभिसन्धानाः सुखमेधन्ति सर्वशः ॥१२-१०८-१६॥
jñānavṛddhān praśaṁsantaḥ śuśrūṣantaḥ parasparam। vinivṛttābhisandhānāḥ sukhamedhanti sarvaśaḥ ॥12-108-16॥
[ज्ञानवृद्धान् (jñānavṛddhān) - those advanced in knowledge; प्रशंसन्तः (praśaṁsantaḥ) - praising; शुश्रूषन्तः (śuśrūṣantaḥ) - serving; परस्परम् (parasparam) - each other; विनिवृत्त (vinivṛtta) - turned away; अभिसन्धानाः (abhisandhānāḥ) - intentions; सुखम् (sukham) - happiness; एधन्ति (edhanti) - increase; सर्वशः (sarvaśaḥ) - in every way;]
(Those advanced in knowledge, praising and serving each other, having turned away from intentions, increase happiness in every way.)
Those who are advanced in knowledge, who praise and serve each other, and who have abandoned ulterior motives, increase happiness in every way.
धर्मिष्ठान्व्यवहारांश्च स्थापयन्तश्च शास्त्रतः। यथावत्सम्प्रवर्तन्तो विवर्धन्ते गणोत्तमाः ॥१२-१०८-१७॥
dharmiṣṭhān vyavahārāṃś ca sthāpayantaś ca śāstrataḥ। yathāvat sampravartanto vivardhante gaṇottamāḥ ॥12-108-17॥
[धर्मिष्ठान् (dharmiṣṭhān) - most righteous; व्यवहारान् (vyavahārān) - conducts; च (ca) - and; स्थापयन्तः (sthāpayantaḥ) - establishing; च (ca) - and; शास्त्रतः (śāstrataḥ) - according to śāstra; यथावत् (yathāvat) - properly; सम्प्रवर्तन्तः (sampravartantaḥ) - acting; विवर्धन्ते (vivardhante) - prosper; गणोत्तमाः (gaṇottamāḥ) - the best assemblies;]
(The best assemblies, establishing the most righteous conducts according to śāstra and acting properly, prosper.)
Assemblies of excellence, who establish the most righteous practices as prescribed by the śāstra and conduct themselves properly, flourish.
पुत्रान्भ्रातॄन्निगृह्णन्तो विनये च सदा रताः। विनीतांश्च प्रगृह्णन्तो विवर्धन्ते गणोत्तमाः ॥१२-१०८-१८॥
putrānbhrātṝnnigṛhṇanto vinaye ca sadā ratāḥ। vinītāṃśca pragṛhṇanto vivardhante gaṇottamāḥ ॥12-108-18॥
[पुत्रान् (putrān) - sons; भ्रातॄन् (bhrātṝn) - brothers; निगृह्णन्तः (nigṛhṇantaḥ) - restraining; विनये (vinaye) - in discipline; च (ca) - and; सदा (sadā) - always; रताः (ratāḥ) - engaged; विनीतान् (vinītān) - the disciplined; च (ca) - and; प्रगृह्णन्तः (pragṛhṇantaḥ) - accepting; विवर्धन्ते (vivardhante) - prosper; गणोत्तमाः (gaṇottamāḥ) - the best of groups;]
(Restraining sons and brothers, always engaged in discipline, and accepting the disciplined, the best of groups prosper.)
Those who restrain their sons and brothers, are always devoted to discipline, and accept the disciplined, such excellent groups prosper.
चारमन्त्रविधानेषु कोशसंनिचयेषु च। नित्ययुक्ता महाबाहो वर्धन्ते सर्वतो गणाः ॥१२-१०८-१९॥
cāramantravidhāneṣu kośasaṃnicayeṣu ca। nityayuktā mahābāho vardhante sarvato gaṇāḥ ॥12-108-19॥
[चार (cāra) - spy; मन्त्र (mantra) - counsel; विधानेषु (vidhāneṣu) - in arrangements; कोश (kośa) - treasury; संनिचयेषु (saṃnicayeṣu) - in accumulations; च (ca) - and; नित्ययुक्ता (nityayuktā) - always engaged; महाबाहो (mahābāho) - O mighty-armed; वर्धन्ते (vardhante) - increase; सर्वतः (sarvataḥ) - on all sides; गणाः (gaṇāḥ) - groups;]
(In the arrangements of spies and counsel, and in the accumulations of the treasury, O mighty-armed, groups always engaged increase on all sides.)
O mighty-armed one, groups that are always engaged in the arrangements of spies and counsel, and in the accumulations of the treasury, increase everywhere.
प्राज्ञाञ्शूरान्महेष्वासान्कर्मसु स्थिरपौरुषान्। मानयन्तः सदा युक्ता विवर्धन्ते गणा नृप ॥१२-१०८-२०॥
prājñāñ śūrān maheṣvāsān karmasu sthira-pauruṣān। mānayantaḥ sadā yuktā vivardhante gaṇā nṛpa॥12-108-20॥
[प्राज्ञान् (prājñān) - wise ones; शूरान् (śūrān) - valiant ones; महेष्वासान् (maheṣvāsān) - great archers; कर्मसु (karmasu) - in actions; स्थिरपौरुषान् (sthira-pauruṣān) - steadfast in manliness; मानयन्तः (mānayantaḥ) - honoring; सदा (sadā) - always; युक्ताः (yuktāḥ) - engaged; विवर्धन्ते (vivardhante) - prosper; गणाः (gaṇāḥ) - groups; नृप (nṛpa) - O king;]
(Wise ones, valiant ones, great archers, steadfast in manliness in actions, honoring (them), always engaged, groups prosper, O king.)
O king, groups that always honor wise, valiant, and steadfast great archers in their actions, prosper.
द्रव्यवन्तश्च शूराश्च शस्त्रज्ञाः शास्त्रपारगाः। कृच्छ्रास्वापत्सु संमूढान्गणानुत्तारयन्ति ते ॥१२-१०८-२१॥
dravyavantaś ca śūrāś ca śastrajñāḥ śāstrapāragāḥ। kṛcchrāsv āpatsu saṃmūḍhān gaṇān uttārayanti te ॥12-108-21॥
[द्रव्यवन्तः (dravyavantaḥ) - possessing wealth; च (ca) - and; शूराः (śūrāḥ) - valiant; च (ca) - and; शस्त्रज्ञाः (śastrajñāḥ) - knowers of weapons; शास्त्रपारगाः (śāstrapāragāḥ) - those who have crossed (mastered) the śāstra (scriptures); कृच्छ्रासु (kṛcchrāsu) - in difficulties; आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in calamities; संमूढान् (saṃmūḍhān) - completely bewildered; गणान् (gaṇān) - groups; उत्तारयन्ति (uttārayanti) - they cause to cross over; ते (te) - they;]
(Possessing wealth and valiant and knowers of weapons, those who have mastered the śāstra, in difficulties and calamities, the completely bewildered groups, they cause to cross over, they.)
Those who possess wealth, are valiant, are skilled in weapons, and have mastered the scriptures, in times of difficulty and calamity, rescue groups of people who are completely bewildered.
क्रोधो भेदो भयो दण्डः कर्शनं निग्रहो वधः। नयन्त्यरिवशं सद्यो गणान्भरतसत्तम ॥१२-१०८-२२॥
krodho bhedo bhayo daṇḍaḥ karśanaṃ nigraho vadhaḥ। nayantyarivaśaṃ sadyo gaṇānbharatasattama ॥12-108-22॥
[क्रोधः (krodhaḥ) - anger; भेदः (bhedaḥ) - division; भयः (bhayaḥ) - fear; दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - punishment; कर्शनम् (karśanam) - torment; निग्रहः (nigrahaḥ) - restraint; वधः (vadhaḥ) - killing; नयन्ति (nayanti) - lead; अरिवशम् (arivaśam) - into the power of the enemy; सद्यः (sadyaḥ) - immediately; गणान् (gaṇān) - groups (of people); भरतसत्तम (bharatasattama) - O best of the Bharatas;]
(Anger, division, fear, punishment, torment, restraint, killing—these immediately lead groups into the power of the enemy, O best of the Bharatas.)
O best of the Bharatas, anger, division, fear, punishment, torment, restraint, and killing quickly bring groups under the control of the enemy.
तस्मान्मानयितव्यास्ते गणमुख्याः प्रधानतः। लोकयात्रा समायत्ता भूयसी तेषु पार्थिव ॥१२-१०८-२३॥
tasmān mānayitavyās te gaṇamukhyāḥ pradhānataḥ। lokayātrā samāyattā bhūyasī teṣu pārthiva॥12-108-23॥
[तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; मानयितव्याः (mānayitavyāḥ) - should be respected; ते (te) - those; गणमुख्याः (gaṇamukhyāḥ) - chiefs of the assemblies; प्रधानतः (pradhānataḥ) - primarily; लोकयात्रा (lokayātrā) - worldly affairs; समायत्ता (samāyattā) - are dependent; भूयसी (bhūyasī) - mostly; तेषु (teṣu) - on them; पार्थिव (pārthiva) - O king;]
(Therefore, those chiefs of the assemblies should be respected primarily; worldly affairs are mostly dependent on them, O king.)
Therefore, O king, those chiefs of the assemblies should be especially respected, for the conduct of the world depends mostly on them.
मन्त्रगुप्तिः प्रधानेषु चारश्चामित्रकर्शन। न गणाः कृत्स्नशो मन्त्रं श्रोतुमर्हन्ति भारत ॥१२-१०८-२४॥
mantraguptiḥ pradhāneṣu cāraścāmitrakarśana. na gaṇāḥ kṛtsnaśo mantraṃ śrotumarhanti bhārata ॥12-108-24॥
[मन्त्रगुप्तिः (mantraguptiḥ) - secrecy of counsel; प्रधानेषु (pradhāneṣu) - among chiefs; चारः (cāraḥ) - spy; च (ca) - and; अमित्रकर्शन (amitrakarśana) - harassing the enemy; न (na) - not; गणाः (gaṇāḥ) - assemblies; कृत्स्नशः (kṛtsnaśaḥ) - entirely; मन्त्रम् (mantram) - counsel; श्रोतुम् (śrotum) - to hear; अर्हन्ति (arhanti) - are worthy; भारत (bhārata) - O Bhārata;]
(Secrecy of counsel among chiefs, and a spy for harassing the enemy. Assemblies are not entirely worthy to hear counsel, O Bhārata.)
O Bhārata, secrecy of counsel should be maintained among chiefs, and a spy should be employed for harassing the enemy. Assemblies are not entirely fit to hear counsel.
गणमुख्यैस्तु सम्भूय कार्यं गणहितं मिथः। पृथग्गणस्य भिन्नस्य विमतस्य ततोऽन्यथा ॥ अर्थाः प्रत्यवसीदन्ति तथानर्था भवन्ति च ॥१२-१०८-२५॥
gaṇamukhyais tu sambhūya kāryaṃ gaṇahitaṃ mithaḥ। pṛthag-gaṇasya bhinnasya vimatasya tato'nyathā॥ arthāḥ pratyavasīdanti tathānarthā bhavanti ca॥12-108-25॥
[गणमुख्यैः (gaṇamukhyaiḥ) - by the chiefs of the group; तु (tu) - but; सम्भूय (sambhūya) - having united; कार्यं (kāryam) - action; गणहितं (gaṇahitam) - welfare of the group; मिथः (mithaḥ) - mutually; पृथक् (pṛthak) - separately; गणस्य (gaṇasya) - of the group; भिन्नस्य (bhinnasya) - divided; विमतस्य (vimatasya) - of differing opinion; ततः (tataḥ) - from that; अन्यथा (anyathā) - otherwise; अर्थाः (arthāḥ) - purposes; प्रत्यवसीदन्ति (pratyavasīdanti) - sink down; तथा (tathā) - so; अनर्थाः (anarthāḥ) - misfortunes; भवन्ति (bhavanti) - arise; च (ca) - and;]
(But by the chiefs of the group, having united, mutually the action for the welfare of the group (should be done). Separately, for the group that is divided and of differing opinion, from that otherwise, purposes sink down; so misfortunes arise and (occur).)
But the chiefs of the group should unite and act together for the welfare of the group. If the group is divided and of differing opinions, then purposes fail and misfortunes arise.
तेषामन्योन्यभिन्नानां स्वशक्तिमनुतिष्ठताम्। निग्रहः पण्डितैः कार्यः क्षिप्रमेव प्रधानतः ॥१२-१०८-२६॥
teṣām anyonya-bhinnānāṃ sva-śakti-m anutiṣṭhatām। nigrahaḥ paṇḍitaiḥ kāryaḥ kṣipram eva pradhānataḥ ॥12-108-26॥
[तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them; अन्योन्य (anyonya) - mutual; भिन्नानाम् (bhinnānām) - of those who are divided; स्व (sva) - own; शक्ति (śakti) - power; अनुतिष्ठताम् (anutiṣṭhatām) - who are exercising; निग्रहः (nigrahaḥ) - restraint; पण्डितैः (paṇḍitaiḥ) - by the wise; कार्यः (kāryaḥ) - should be done; क्षिप्रम् (kṣipram) - quickly; एव (eva) - indeed; प्रधानतः (pradhānataḥ) - primarily;]
(Of them, of those mutually divided, who are exercising their own power, restraint by the wise should be done quickly indeed, primarily.)
When there are those among them who are mutually divided and exercising their own power, the wise should primarily and swiftly impose restraint.
कुलेषु कलहा जाताः कुलवृद्धैरुपेक्षिताः। गोत्रस्य राजन्कुर्वन्ति गणसम्भेदकारिकाम् ॥१२-१०८-२७॥
kuleṣu kalahā jātāḥ kulavṛddhairupekṣitāḥ। gotrasya rājan kurvanti gaṇasambhedakārikām ॥12-108-27॥
[कुलेषु (kuleṣu) - in families; कलहा (kalahā) - quarrels; जाताः (jātāḥ) - arisen; कुलवृद्धैः (kulavṛddhaiḥ) - by the elders of the family; उपेक्षिताः (upekṣitāḥ) - neglected; गोत्रस्य (gotrasya) - of the lineage; राजन् (rājan) - O king; कुर्वन्ति (kurvanti) - cause; गणसम्भेदकारिकाम् (gaṇasambhedakārikām) - the cause of division in the group;]
(In families, quarrels arisen, by the elders of the family neglected, of the lineage, O king, cause the cause of division in the group.)
O king, when quarrels arise in families and are neglected by the elders, they cause division within the lineage or group.
आभ्यन्तरं भयं रक्ष्यं सुरक्ष्यं बाह्यतो भयम्। अभ्यन्तराद्भयं जातं सद्यो मूलं निकृन्तति ॥१२-१०८-२८॥
ābhyantaraṃ bhayaṃ rakṣyaṃ surakṣyaṃ bāhyato bhayam। abhyantarādbhayaṃ jātaṃ sadyo mūlaṃ nikṛntati ॥12-108-28॥
[आभ्यन्तरम् (ābhyantaram) - internal; भयम् (bhayam) - fear; रक्ष्यम् (rakṣyam) - to be protected; सुरक्ष्यम् (surakṣyam) - well protected; बाह्यतः (bāhyataḥ) - from outside; भयम् (bhayam) - fear; अभ्यन्तरात् (abhyantarāt) - from within; भयम् (bhayam) - fear; जातम् (jātam) - arisen; सद्यः (sadyaḥ) - immediately; मूलम् (mūlam) - root; निकृन्तति (nikṛntati) - cuts off;]
(Internal fear is to be protected, well protected is the fear from outside. Fear arisen from within immediately cuts off the root.)
Internal fear should be protected; fear from outside should be well protected. Fear that arises from within immediately severs the root.
अकस्मात्क्रोधलोभाद्वा मोहाद्वापि स्वभावजात्। अन्योन्यं नाभिभाषन्ते तत्पराभवलक्षणम् ॥१२-१०८-२९॥
akasmātkrodhalobhādvā mohādvāpi svabhāvajāt| anyonyaṃ nābhibhāṣante tatparābhavalakṣaṇam ॥12-108-29॥
[अकस्मात् (akasmāt) - suddenly; without cause; क्रोध (krodha) - anger; लोभात् (lobhāt) - from greed; वा (vā) - or; मोहात् (mohāt) - from delusion; वा (vā) - or; अपि (api) - even; स्वभावजात् (svabhāvajāt) - arising from one's own nature; अन्योन्यं (anyonyaṃ) - each other; न (na) - not; अभिभाषन्ते (abhibhāṣante) - speak; तत् (tat) - that; पराभव (parābhava) - defeat; ruin; लक्षणम् (lakṣaṇam) - characteristic;]
(Suddenly, from anger or from greed or even from delusion, or arising from one's own nature, they do not speak to each other; that is the characteristic of defeat.)
Sudden anger, greed, delusion, or inherent nature may cause people to stop speaking to each other; this is a sign of defeat.
जात्या च सदृशाः सर्वे कुलेन सदृशास्तथा। न तु शौर्येण बुद्ध्या वा रूपद्रव्येण वा पुनः ॥१२-१०८-३०॥
jātyā ca sadṛśāḥ sarve kulena sadṛśās tathā। na tu śauryeṇa buddhyā vā rūpadravyeṇa vā punaḥ ॥12-108-30॥
[जात्या (jātyā) - by birth; च (ca) - and; सदृशाः (sadṛśāḥ) - similar; सर्वे (sarve) - all; कुलेन (kulena) - by family; सदृशाः (sadṛśāḥ) - similar; तथा (tathā) - so; न (na) - not; तु (tu) - but; शौर्येण (śauryeṇa) - by valor; बुद्ध्या (buddhyā) - by intelligence; वा (vā) - or; रूपद्रव्येण (rūpadravyeṇa) - by beauty and wealth; वा (vā) - or; पुनः (punaḥ) - again;]
(By birth and by family, all are similar; but not by valor, or by intelligence, or by beauty and wealth, again.)
All are similar by birth and by family, but they differ in valor, intelligence, and in beauty and wealth.
भेदाच्चैव प्रमादाच्च नाम्यन्ते रिपुभिर्गणाः। तस्मात्सङ्घातमेवाहुर्गणानां शरणं महत् ॥१२-१०८-३१॥
bhedāccaiva pramādācca nāmyante ripubhirgaṇāḥ। tasmātsaṅghātamevāhurgaṇānāṃ śaraṇaṃ mahat ॥12-108-31॥
[भेदात् (bhedāt) - from division; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; प्रमादात् (pramādāt) - from negligence; च (ca) - and; नाम्यन्ते (nāmyante) - are subdued; रिपुभिः (ripubhiḥ) - by enemies; गणाः (gaṇāḥ) - groups; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; सङ्घातम् (saṅghātam) - union; एव (eva) - indeed; आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say; गणानाम् (gaṇānām) - of groups; शरणम् (śaraṇam) - refuge; महत् (mahat) - great; ॥१२-१०८-३१॥ (॥12-108-31॥) -;]
(From division and indeed from negligence, groups are subdued by enemies; therefore, union alone they say is the great refuge of groups.)
Groups are subdued by enemies due to division and negligence; therefore, union alone is said to be the great refuge of groups.
